Lord Jackson of Peterborough Sparring Partners
Roberta Blackman-Woods (Labour)
(45 debate interactions)
Brandon Lewis (Conservative)
(28 debate interactions)
David Lidington (Conservative)
(19 debate interactions)
John Bercow (Speaker)
(16 debate interactions)
Gareth Thomas (Labour (Co-op))
Parliamentary Under Secretary of State (Department for Business and Trade)
(16 debate interactions)
Mark Harper (Conservative)
(15 debate interactions)
Sheila Gilmore (Labour)
(15 debate interactions)
Sadiq Khan (Labour)
(14 debate interactions)
Lindsay Hoyle (Speaker)
(14 debate interactions)
Clive Betts (Labour)
(13 debate interactions)
Kate Green (Labour)
(12 debate interactions)
David Burrowes (Conservative)
(12 debate interactions)
Robert Neill (Conservative)
(11 debate interactions)
Lord Beamish (Labour)
(11 debate interactions)
Cathy Jamieson (Labour (Co-op))
(11 debate interactions)
Lord Hanson of Flint (Labour)
Minister of State (Home Office)
(11 debate interactions)
David Gauke (Independent)
(11 debate interactions)
Catherine McKinnell (Labour)
Minister of State (Education)
(11 debate interactions)
Pete Wishart (Scottish National Party)
SNP Deputy Westminster Leader
(11 debate interactions)
Bob Blackman (Conservative)
(10 debate interactions)
Michael Gove (Conservative)
(10 debate interactions)
Lord Grayling (Conservative)
(10 debate interactions)
Greg Clark (Conservative)
(10 debate interactions)
Lord Barwell (Conservative)
(10 debate interactions)
Jeremy Hunt (Conservative)
(10 debate interactions)
Justine Greening (Independent)
(9 debate interactions)
Caroline Flint (Labour)
(9 debate interactions)
John Healey (Labour)
Secretary of State for Defence
(9 debate interactions)
Chris Bryant (Labour)
Minister of State (Department for Culture, Media and Sport)
(9 debate interactions)
Grahame Morris (Labour)
(9 debate interactions)
Lord Lansley (Conservative)
(9 debate interactions)
Peter Dowd (Labour)
(9 debate interactions)
Lord Markham (Conservative)
Shadow Minister (Science, Innovation and Technology)
(9 debate interactions)
Paul Burstow (Liberal Democrat)
(8 debate interactions)
Philip Hollobone (Conservative)
(8 debate interactions)
Iain Duncan Smith (Conservative)
(8 debate interactions)
Tim Loughton (Conservative)
(8 debate interactions)
Owen Smith (Labour)
(8 debate interactions)
George Osborne (Conservative)
(8 debate interactions)
Mark Hoban (Conservative)
(8 debate interactions)
Steve McCabe (Labour)
(8 debate interactions)
Mark Pritchard (Conservative)
(8 debate interactions)
Sajid Javid (Conservative)
(8 debate interactions)
Richard Bacon (Conservative)
(8 debate interactions)
Lord Bellamy (Conservative)
(8 debate interactions)
Lord Sharpe of Epsom (Conservative)
Parliamentary Under-Secretary (Home Office)
(8 debate interactions)
Edward Leigh (Conservative)
(7 debate interactions)
Bill Esterson (Labour)
(7 debate interactions)
David Amess (Conservative)
(7 debate interactions)
Helen Goodman (Labour)
(7 debate interactions)
Andy Burnham (Labour)
(7 debate interactions)
Damian Green (Conservative)
(7 debate interactions)
Siobhain McDonagh (Labour)
(7 debate interactions)
Caroline Lucas (Green Party)
(7 debate interactions)
Emma Reynolds (Labour)
Parliamentary Secretary (HM Treasury)
(7 debate interactions)
William Cash (Conservative)
(7 debate interactions)
Robert Goodwill (Conservative)
(7 debate interactions)
Karen Bradley (Conservative)
(7 debate interactions)
Mike Penning (Conservative)
(7 debate interactions)
Helen Hayes (Labour)
(7 debate interactions)
David Mowat (Conservative)
(7 debate interactions)
Jonathan Ashworth (Labour (Co-op))
(7 debate interactions)
Baroness Penn (Conservative)
(7 debate interactions)
Danny Alexander (Liberal Democrat)
(6 debate interactions)
Jack Straw (Independent)
(6 debate interactions)
David Evennett (Conservative)
(6 debate interactions)
Diana Johnson (Labour)
Minister of State (Home Office)
(6 debate interactions)
Rachel Reeves (Labour)
Chancellor of the Exchequer
(6 debate interactions)
Lord Stunell (Liberal Democrat)
(6 debate interactions)
Simon Burns (Conservative)
(6 debate interactions)
Yvette Cooper (Labour)
Home Secretary
(6 debate interactions)
Charles Walker (Conservative)
(6 debate interactions)
Andy Slaughter (Labour)
(6 debate interactions)
Angela Eagle (Labour)
Minister of State (Home Office)
(6 debate interactions)
Priti Patel (Conservative)
Shadow Secretary of State for Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Affairs
(6 debate interactions)
Maria Miller (Conservative)
(6 debate interactions)
Lord Pickles (Conservative)
(6 debate interactions)
Lord McLoughlin (Conservative)
(6 debate interactions)
David Laws (Liberal Democrat)
(6 debate interactions)
Peter Aldous (Conservative)
(6 debate interactions)
Tim Farron (Liberal Democrat)
Liberal Democrat Spokesperson (Environment, Food and Rural Affairs)
(6 debate interactions)
Justin Tomlinson (Conservative)
(6 debate interactions)
Gary Streeter (Conservative)
(5 debate interactions)
Austin Mitchell (Labour)
(5 debate interactions)
Nick Gibb (Conservative)
(5 debate interactions)
Toby Perkins (Labour)
(5 debate interactions)
Keith Vaz (Labour)
(5 debate interactions)
Nadine Dorries (Conservative)
(5 debate interactions)
Chloe Smith (Conservative)
(5 debate interactions)
Christopher Chope (Conservative)
(5 debate interactions)
John Baron (Conservative)
(5 debate interactions)
Graham P Jones (Labour)
(5 debate interactions)
Andrea Leadsom (Conservative)
(5 debate interactions)
David Heath (Liberal Democrat)
(5 debate interactions)
Marcus Jones (Conservative)
(5 debate interactions)
Steve Barclay (Conservative)
(5 debate interactions)
Wes Streeting (Labour)
Secretary of State for Health and Social Care
(5 debate interactions)
Kevin Brennan (Labour)
(5 debate interactions)
Chris Heaton-Harris (Conservative)
(5 debate interactions)
Kevin Foster (Conservative)
(5 debate interactions)
Steve Reed (Labour (Co-op))
Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
(5 debate interactions)
John Robertson (Labour)
(4 debate interactions)
Tristram Hunt (Labour)
(4 debate interactions)
Glenda Jackson (Labour)
(4 debate interactions)
John Denham (Labour)
(4 debate interactions)
Iain Stewart (Conservative)
(4 debate interactions)
Dominic Grieve (Independent)
(4 debate interactions)
Richard Fuller (Conservative)
Shadow Chief Secretary to the Treasury
(4 debate interactions)
Lilian Greenwood (Labour)
Parliamentary Under-Secretary (Department for Transport)
(4 debate interactions)
Adrian Bailey (Labour (Co-op))
(4 debate interactions)
Dan Rogerson (Liberal Democrat)
(4 debate interactions)
Chris Williamson (Independent)
(4 debate interactions)
Nick de Bois (Conservative)
(4 debate interactions)
Andrew Bridgen (Independent)
(4 debate interactions)
Nia Griffith (Labour)
Parliamentary Under-Secretary (Wales Office)
(4 debate interactions)
Kelvin Hopkins (Independent)
(4 debate interactions)
Thomas Docherty (Labour)
(4 debate interactions)
David Winnick (Labour)
(4 debate interactions)
Nick Clegg (Liberal Democrat)
(4 debate interactions)
Chi Onwurah (Labour)
Shadow Minister (Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy)
(4 debate interactions)
George Hollingbery (Conservative)
(4 debate interactions)
Caroline Dinenage (Conservative)
(4 debate interactions)
Wayne David (Labour)
(4 debate interactions)
Robert Buckland (Conservative)
(4 debate interactions)
Philip Davies (Conservative)
(4 debate interactions)
Anne Main (Conservative)
(4 debate interactions)
Ed Balls (Labour (Co-op))
(4 debate interactions)
Jeremy Wright (Conservative)
(4 debate interactions)
Liz Kendall (Labour)
Secretary of State for Work and Pensions
(4 debate interactions)
Graham Allen (Labour)
(4 debate interactions)
William Bain (Labour)
(4 debate interactions)
Pat McFadden (Labour)
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
(4 debate interactions)
John McDonnell (Independent)
(4 debate interactions)
Maria Caulfield (Conservative)
(4 debate interactions)
Teresa Pearce (Labour)
(4 debate interactions)
Greg Mulholland (Liberal Democrat)
(4 debate interactions)
Amber Rudd (Independent)
(4 debate interactions)
Keir Starmer (Labour)
Prime Minister and First Lord of the Treasury
(4 debate interactions)
Baroness Scott of Bybrook (Conservative)
Parliamentary Under Secretary of State (Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities)
(4 debate interactions)
Lord Murray of Blidworth (Conservative)
Shadow Minister (Home Office)
(4 debate interactions)
Lord Gascoigne (Conservative)
(4 debate interactions)
Lord Roborough (Conservative)
Shadow Minister (Environment, Food and Rural Affairs)
(4 debate interactions)
Lord Falconer of Thoroton (Labour)
(4 debate interactions)
Gareth Johnson (Conservative)
(3 debate interactions)
Andrew Percy (Conservative)
(3 debate interactions)
Hazel Blears (Labour)
(3 debate interactions)
Alan Whitehead (Labour)
(3 debate interactions)
Baroness Primarolo (Labour)
(3 debate interactions)
Alistair Burt (Conservative)
(3 debate interactions)
Rob Wilson (Conservative)
(3 debate interactions)
Simon Hughes (Liberal Democrat)
(3 debate interactions)
Paul Maynard (Conservative)
(3 debate interactions)
Andrew Selous (Conservative)
Second Church Estates Commissioner
(3 debate interactions)
Kerry McCarthy (Labour)
Parliamentary Under Secretary of State (Department for Energy Security and Net Zero)
(3 debate interactions)
Alec Shelbrooke (Conservative)
(3 debate interactions)
Thérèse Coffey (Conservative)
(3 debate interactions)
Viscount Thurso (Liberal Democrat)
(3 debate interactions)
Lord Coaker (Labour)
Minister of State (Ministry of Defence)
(3 debate interactions)
Peter Bone (Independent)
(3 debate interactions)
Chris Ruane (Labour)
(3 debate interactions)
Dan Poulter (Labour)
(3 debate interactions)
Debbie Abrahams (Labour)
(3 debate interactions)
Albert Owen (Labour)
(3 debate interactions)
John Redwood (Conservative)
(3 debate interactions)
Hugh Bayley (Labour)
(3 debate interactions)
Matt Hancock (Conservative)
(3 debate interactions)
Lord Bellingham (Conservative)
(3 debate interactions)
Alison Seabeck (Labour)
(3 debate interactions)
Edward Timpson (Conservative)
(3 debate interactions)
Richard Drax (Conservative)
(3 debate interactions)
Graham Stuart (Conservative)
(3 debate interactions)
Jack Dromey (Labour)
(3 debate interactions)
Dominic Raab (Conservative)
(3 debate interactions)
Robin Walker (Conservative)
(3 debate interactions)
Julian Knight (Independent)
(3 debate interactions)
David Mundell (Conservative)
(3 debate interactions)
Baroness Chakrabarti (Labour)
(3 debate interactions)
Lord Fox (Liberal Democrat)
Liberal Democrat Lords Spokesperson (Business)
(3 debate interactions)
Michael McCann (Labour)
(2 debate interactions)
Anne Milton (Independent)
(2 debate interactions)
Charles Hendry (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Stuart Bell (Labour)
(2 debate interactions)
David Anderson (Labour)
(2 debate interactions)
Adam Afriyie (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Liam Byrne (Labour)
(2 debate interactions)
Malcolm Rifkind (Independent)
(2 debate interactions)
Margot James (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Alison McGovern (Labour)
Minister of State (Department for Work and Pensions)
(2 debate interactions)
Nadhim Zahawi (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Heidi Alexander (Labour)
Minister of State (Ministry of Justice)
(2 debate interactions)
Frank Dobson (Labour)
(2 debate interactions)
Paul Blomfield (Labour)
(2 debate interactions)
Yasmin Qureshi (Labour)
(2 debate interactions)
Michael Connarty (Labour)
(2 debate interactions)
Nigel Evans (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Gordon Banks (Labour)
(2 debate interactions)
Susan Elan Jones (Labour)
(2 debate interactions)
Jo Swinson (Liberal Democrat)
(2 debate interactions)
Barry Gardiner (Labour)
(2 debate interactions)
Lord Willetts (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Douglas Alexander (Labour (Co-op))
Minister of State (Department for Business and Trade)
(2 debate interactions)
Lord Beith (Liberal Democrat)
(2 debate interactions)
Alan Johnson (Labour)
(2 debate interactions)
Mark Tami (Labour)
Treasurer of HM Household (Deputy Chief Whip, House of Commons)
(2 debate interactions)
Mike Crockart (Liberal Democrat)
(2 debate interactions)
Julie Hilling (Labour)
(2 debate interactions)
Graham Stringer (Labour)
(2 debate interactions)
Grant Shapps (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Mark Pawsey (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Martin Horwood (Liberal Democrat)
(2 debate interactions)
Julian Brazier (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Roger Gale (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
David Lammy (Labour)
Foreign Secretary
(2 debate interactions)
Jeremy Browne (Liberal Democrat)
(2 debate interactions)
Tobias Ellwood (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Paul Flynn (Labour)
(2 debate interactions)
Mark Prisk (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Richard Ottaway (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Denis MacShane (Labour)
(2 debate interactions)
Andrew Love (Labour (Co-op))
(2 debate interactions)
Annette Brooke (Liberal Democrat)
(2 debate interactions)
Fiona Bruce (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Mark Field (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Mark Spencer (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Nicholas Dakin (Labour)
Government Whip, Lord Commissioner of HM Treasury
(2 debate interactions)
Gordon Marsden (Labour)
(2 debate interactions)
David Ward (Liberal Democrat)
(2 debate interactions)
Gerald Howarth (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Ed Davey (Liberal Democrat)
(2 debate interactions)
Ian Mearns (Labour)
(2 debate interactions)
David T C Davies (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
John Howell (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Mike Thornton (Liberal Democrat)
(2 debate interactions)
Clive Efford (Labour)
(2 debate interactions)
Helen Grant (Conservative)
Shadow Solicitor General
(2 debate interactions)
David Nuttall (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Michael Fallon (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Vince Cable (Liberal Democrat)
(2 debate interactions)
Kris Hopkins (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Jeremy Corbyn (Independent)
(2 debate interactions)
Eric Ollerenshaw (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Anne Marie Morris (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Tom Brake (Liberal Democrat)
(2 debate interactions)
Baroness Chapman of Darlington (Labour)
Parliamentary Under-Secretary (Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office)
(2 debate interactions)
Sarah Wollaston (Liberal Democrat)
(2 debate interactions)
Stephen Timms (Labour)
Minister of State (Department for Work and Pensions)
(2 debate interactions)
Lucy Powell (Labour (Co-op))
Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons
(2 debate interactions)
Caroline Nokes (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Lord Haselhurst (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Matthew Pennycook (Labour)
Minister of State (Housing, Communities and Local Government)
(2 debate interactions)
Marie Rimmer (Labour)
(2 debate interactions)
Nicholas Brown (Independent)
(2 debate interactions)
Jim Dowd (Labour)
(2 debate interactions)
Pat Glass (Labour)
(2 debate interactions)
Stephen Hammond (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Heidi Allen (Liberal Democrat)
(2 debate interactions)
Clive Lewis (Labour)
(2 debate interactions)
James Brokenshire (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Nick Smith (Labour)
(2 debate interactions)
Seema Kennedy (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Tracey Crouch (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Michael Ellis (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Jacob Rees-Mogg (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Rob Marris (Labour)
(2 debate interactions)
Jim Fitzpatrick (Labour)
(2 debate interactions)
Sarah Newton (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Andrew Mitchell (Conservative)
Minister of State (Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office) (Minister for Development)
(2 debate interactions)
Elizabeth Truss (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Emily Thornberry (Labour)
(2 debate interactions)
Lord Garnier (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Lord Cormack (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Lord Harlech (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Baroness Lawlor (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Baroness Barran (Conservative)
Shadow Minister (Education)
(2 debate interactions)
Lord Benyon (Crossbench)
Lord Chamberlain (HM Household)
(2 debate interactions)
Lord Callanan (Conservative)
Shadow Minister (Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office)
(2 debate interactions)
Lord Caine (Conservative)
Shadow Minister (Northern Ireland)
(2 debate interactions)
Baroness Brinton (Liberal Democrat)
Liberal Democrat Lords Spokesperson (Home Affairs) (Victims and Abuse)
(2 debate interactions)
Lord Parkinson of Whitley Bay (Conservative)
Shadow Minister (Digital, Culture, Media and Sport)
(2 debate interactions)
Baroness Meacher (Crossbench)
(2 debate interactions)
Baroness Thornton (Labour)
(2 debate interactions)
Baroness Merron (Labour)
Parliamentary Under-Secretary (Department of Health and Social Care)
(2 debate interactions)
Lord Timpson (Labour)
Minister of State (Ministry of Justice)
(2 debate interactions)
Lord Hermer (Labour)
Attorney General
(2 debate interactions)
Lord Leong (Labour)
Lord in Waiting (HM Household) (Whip)
(2 debate interactions)
James Morris (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Robert Smith (Liberal Democrat)
(1 debate interactions)
Anne Begg (Labour)
(1 debate interactions)
Maria Eagle (Labour)
Minister of State (Ministry of Defence)
(1 debate interactions)
Stephen Phillips (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Jessica Lee (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Mark Lazarowicz (Labour (Co-op))
(1 debate interactions)
Fiona O'Donnell (Labour)
(1 debate interactions)
Charlie Elphicke (Independent)
(1 debate interactions)
Harriett Baldwin (Conservative)
Shadow Minister (Business and Trade)
(1 debate interactions)
Duncan Hames (Liberal Democrat)
(1 debate interactions)
Karl Turner (Labour)
(1 debate interactions)
Mark Simmonds (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Bernard Jenkin (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Jason McCartney (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Robert Walter (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Mark Williams (Liberal Democrat)
(1 debate interactions)
Jake Berry (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Andrew Stephenson (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Damian Hinds (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Jim Dobbin (Labour (Co-op))
(1 debate interactions)
Christopher Pincher (Independent)
(1 debate interactions)
David Davis (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Jeremy Lefroy (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Norman Lamb (Liberal Democrat)
(1 debate interactions)
Neil Parish (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Andrew Gwynne (Labour (Co-op))
Parliamentary Under-Secretary (Department of Health and Social Care)
(1 debate interactions)
Alex Cunningham (Labour)
(1 debate interactions)
George Howarth (Labour)
(1 debate interactions)
Andy McDonald (Labour)
(1 debate interactions)
Julian Sturdy (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Mike Weatherley (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Jane Ellison (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Norman Baker (Liberal Democrat)
(1 debate interactions)
Ian Swales (Liberal Democrat)
(1 debate interactions)
David Wright (Labour)
(1 debate interactions)
Julian Huppert (Liberal Democrat)
(1 debate interactions)
Stephen Mosley (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Oliver Colvile (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Will Quince (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Chris Philp (Conservative)
Shadow Home Secretary
(1 debate interactions)
Kevin Hollinrake (Conservative)
Shadow Secretary of State for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities
(1 debate interactions)
Richard Graham (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
James Cartlidge (Conservative)
Shadow Secretary of State for Defence
(1 debate interactions)
Julian Lewis (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Claire Perry (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Stephen Crabb (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
George Freeman (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Simon Kirby (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Rebecca Pow (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Victoria Borwick (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Richard Burgon (Independent)
(1 debate interactions)
Melanie Onn (Labour)
(1 debate interactions)
Chuka Umunna (Liberal Democrat)
(1 debate interactions)
Baroness Sugg (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Earl of Caithness (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Lord Tunnicliffe (Labour)
(1 debate interactions)
Lord Mann (Labour)
(1 debate interactions)
Lord Shipley (Liberal Democrat)
(1 debate interactions)
Baroness Taylor of Stevenage (Labour)
Baroness in Waiting (HM Household) (Whip)
(1 debate interactions)
Lord Davies of Gower (Conservative)
Shadow Minister (Home Office)
(1 debate interactions)
Earl of Leicester (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Lord Hacking (Labour)
(1 debate interactions)
Baroness Noakes (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Lord Inglewood (Non-affiliated)
(1 debate interactions)
Lord Lisvane (Crossbench)
(1 debate interactions)
Lord Ponsonby of Shulbrede (Labour)
Lord in Waiting (HM Household) (Whip)
(1 debate interactions)
Baroness Williams of Trafford (Conservative)
Shadow Chief Whip (Lords)
(1 debate interactions)
Lord Moylan (Conservative)
Shadow Minister (Transport)
(1 debate interactions)
Lord Jones (Labour)
(1 debate interactions)
Baroness Randerson (Liberal Democrat)
Liberal Democrat Lords Spokesperson (Transport)
(1 debate interactions)
Baroness Butler-Sloss (Crossbench)
(1 debate interactions)
Lord Purvis of Tweed (Liberal Democrat)
Liberal Democrat Lords Spokesperson (Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs)
(1 debate interactions)
Lord Hoffmann (Crossbench)
(1 debate interactions)
Baroness Valentine (Crossbench)
(1 debate interactions)
Baroness Kennedy of Shaws (Labour)
(1 debate interactions)
Lord Hunt of Kings Heath (Labour)
Minister of State (Department for Energy Security and Net Zero)
(1 debate interactions)