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This Government is focussed on harnessing the creativity and brilliance of every woman in our country, and that includes ensuring they are able to access high paying sectors and roles. There is a wide array of work across Government which contributes to realising this ambition, whether that is by supporting start-ups, female entrepreneurs, or getting more women into, or returning to, highly-paid STEM careers.
In terms of work focussed solely on this issue, the Government continues to support the FTSE Women Leaders Review. This business-led framework sets targets to support talented, diverse leadership in the UK’s top companies.
Additionally, our Invest in Women Taskforce, is ensuring women-led start ups get the funding they need. The Taskforce is establishing a funding pool of more than £250 million for female-founded businesses through private capital, making it one of the world’s largest investment funding pools aimed solely at female founders.
The King’s Speech announced our intention to publish draft legislation this session that will introduce mandatory ethnicity pay gap reporting for large employers (those with 250 or more employees). This will help businesses to identify and close ethnicity pay gaps within their workforces.
This government is committed to ensuring departments consider overall value for money in resourcing decisions.
To this end, it has introduced a 2% target for reduction to administration budgets in financial years 2024-25 and 2025-26 and a stop to all non-essential spending on consultancy, with an aim to halve spending in future years.
As set out in the Budget, the government has committed to developing a long-term strategic plan for a more efficient and effective Civil Service, including bold options to improve skills, harness digital technology and drive better outcomes for public services.
Decisions relating to the size and cost of the Civil Service workforce will be considered as part of the Spending Review process. HM Treasury and the Cabinet Office will work closely with departments to develop plans that achieve the government’s reform objectives for the Civil Service.
The Government is committed to a strategic plan for the Civil Service which supports improved productivity and drives innovation.
In a speech on 9 December, the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster set out the Government’s plans for public sector reform. Phase 2 of the Spending Review will also include a focus on how departments can support innovation and boost productivity in the Civil Service.
The Windsor Framework provides a wide range support for business between GB and NI.
The UK Internal Market Scheme already enables businesses to move goods from Great Britain to Northern Ireland without being subject to customs duties. This is being expanded into the full UK internal market system which will further simplify the movement of goods for businesses.
There will be a competitive procurement exercise for provision of the Trader Support Service, which provides free support and guidance to businesses, to ensure continuity of service from 2026 onwards, and the current service has been extended to the end of 2025.
Last week, the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster delivered a speech to the NATO Cyber Defence Conference in which he set out the Government's commitment to strengthening cyber resilience. We continue to work closely with allies to expose cyber attackers from across the world, whether that’s through public attributions, calling out hostile actors, or through sanctions. And we are constantly looking at where we can bolster our own digital defences here in the UK. In the King’s Speech, we announced that the Government would bring forward a Cyber Security and Resilience Bill, which will strengthen the UK’s cyber defences, and, working with industry, help make the UK the safest place to live and work online.
The Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster also announced a new Laboratory for AI Security Research at the University of Oxford (LASR), backed by £8.2 million of funding from the government’s Integrated Security Fund. The lab will bring together experts from government, industry and academia to seize the national security and economic opportunities of secure AI, underlining our commitment to stay one step ahead in this new AI arms race.
The information requested falls under the remit of the UK Statistics Authority.
Please see the letter attached from the National Statistician and Chief Executive of the UK Statistics Authority.
The Lord Taylor of Warwick
House of Lords
London
SW1A 0PW
14 October 2024
Dear Lord Taylor,
As National Statistician and Chief Executive of the UK Statistics Authority, I am responding to your Parliamentary Question asking what assessment has been made of the levels of small businesses closing since (1) the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, and (2) the UK’s departure from the EU (HL1421).
The Office for National Statistics (ONS) produces an annual Business Demography, UK publication1. The data are produced from the Inter Departmental Business Register (IDBR) which contains all businesses registered for VAT and/or PAYE. Unfortunately, the numbers of business deaths shown in this release are not broken down by size band, so it is not possible to show the number of small businesses which have closed down since the start of the pandemic.
However, we have provided figures in Table 1 showing the total number of business deaths since 2020. The latest annual figures available are for the year 2022. As the start of the COVID-19 pandemic was in March 2020 and the UK’s departure from the EU was on 31 January 2020 it is possible to cover the two periods using the same data.
The ONS also produces a quarterly publication on business births and deaths2. The quarterly figures are useful because they provide up-to-date business demography estimates. Please note though that the figures are regarded as ‘Official Statistics in Development’ and should be considered as less reliable than the annual business demography numbers.
We have provided, in Table 2, the number of business deaths, by quarter, from the first quarter of 2020 until the second quarter of 2024. We do not have these figures available by sizeband and hence are not able to show the number of small businesses which have closed over this period.
Yours sincerely,
Professor Sir Ian Diamond
1https://www.ons.gov.uk/businessindustryandtrade/business/activitysizeandlocation/bulletins/business
demography/previousReleases
2https://www.ons.gov.uk/businessindustryandtrade/business/activitysizeandlocation/bulletins/business
demographyquarterlyexperimentalstatisticsuk/latest
Table 1: The total number of business deaths, annually, from 2020 until 2022, UK.
Year | Number of business deaths, UK |
2020 | 300,475 |
2021 | 328,360 |
2022 | 345,490 |
Source: Annual Business Demography, Inter Departmental Business Register
Table 2: The number of business deaths, by quarter, from the first quarter of 2020 until
the second quarter of 2024, UK3
Quarter | Number of business deaths, UK |
Q1 2020 | 96,555 |
Q2 2020 | 72,555 |
Q3 2020 | 60,335 |
Q4 2020 | 78,875 |
Q1 2021 | 86,490 |
Q2 2021 | 88,445 |
Q3 2021 | 83,035 |
Q4 2021 | 86,920 |
Q1 2022 | 114,120 |
Q2 2022 | 97,955 |
Q3 2022 | 80,345 |
Q4 2022 | 83,080 |
Q1 2023 | 106,840 |
Q2 2023 | 83,660 |
Q3 2023 | 68,240 |
Q4 2023 | 74,395 |
Q1 2024 | 87,280 |
Q2 2024 | 75,100 |
Source: Quarterly Business Demography, Inter Departmental Business Register
3Quarterly business demography estimates are regarded as official statistics in development.
Quarterly estimates, when summed over a year, do not add to the annual estimates obtained from the annual business demography output.
The Department for Business and Trade sponsors two voluntary and business-led initiatives: the FTSE Women Leaders Review and the Parker Review on ethnic minority leadership. Both reviews encourage companies to achieve voluntary targets - 40% representation of women on boards and in senior management, and at least one ethnic minority director on company boards.
The 2024 report showed that 42.1% of the FTSE 350 board members were women behind only France who has adopted a quota approach to diversity and ahead of other countries with quotas. The 2024 Parker review reported that 77% of boards FTSE 350 boards had met their target.
Growth is the number one mission of the government. To encourage expansions, investment and recruitment, we are beginning to tackle barriers to investment, like skills, international talent, data, R&D, technology adoption, access to finance, competition, regulation, energy prices, grid connections, infrastructure, and planning – through a new Industrial Strategy that will support growth sectors to create more high-quality, well-paid jobs across the country, backed by employment rights fit for a modern economy.
The EU and the US are two of our largest trading markets, together accounting for over 64% of total UK trade. We are committed to strengthening our trade and investment relationships with both the EU and US and to working together to remove unnecessary barriers to trade
As set out by the Chancellor, we recognise that our markets are highly interconnected. This government’s main priority is growing the UK economy – strengthened trade with our most economically important partners is a major part of that.
Start-ups play a crucial role in fostering competition, inducing innovation and supporting the emergence of brand new sectors. The number of UK business births has fallen by 6%, to around 316,000 in 2023.
ONS UK Business Demography 2023, published 18 November 2024.
Count Of Births of New Enterprises For 2018 to 2023, by year | |
2018 | 348,630 |
2019 | 363,825 |
2020 | 333,020 |
2021 | 363,995 |
2022 | 336,925 |
2023 | 316,025 |
The Government is committed to hardwiring the voice of small business into everything we do. Our Small Business Strategy next year will set out our vision for all small businesses from tackling the scourge of late payments, tailored Business Support Advice, Access to finance, and Local Growth Hubs Networks, providing a strong business environment to drive economic growth in the UK.
The Government is creating a fairer business rate system by introducing permanently lower tax rates for retail, hospitality, and leisure businesses from 2026-27 and extending the current relief for 1 year at 40%. From 2026-27 the Government intends to introduce permanently lower tax rates for retail, hospitality and leisure properties with rateable values less than £500,000, which will be funded by the introduction of a Large Business Multiplier from 2026-27 on properties with a rateable value of £500,000 and above (less than 1% of all properties.)
The Government recognises the need to protect the smallest employers which is why we have more than doubled the Employment Allowance to £10,500, meaning more than half of businesses with NICs liabilities either gain or see no change next year. Businesses will still be able to claim employer NICs reliefs including those for under 21s and under 25 apprentices, where eligible. We will transform the apprenticeship levy into a more flexible growth and skills levy to support business and boost opportunity.
We are working further with the Hospitality Sector Council to address other strategic issues such as high street regeneration, skills, sustainability, and productivity.
Stellantis announced a strategic review of the UK operations this July. We have regularly engaged with the company throughout and stand ready to help following its conclusion. Stellantis transformed their plant at Ellesmere Port to solely produce electric vans from 2023 following a £100m investment that was secured with HMG support. Stellantis also announced that they will make small volumes of the larger electric vans at their plant at Luton.
This Government is focused on its five-point plan to breathe life back into Britain’s high streets. We understand how important the high street is to our businesses which is why our plans include tackling retail crime, ensuring a level playing field between online and high street businesses, stamping out late payments and ending the blight of empty spaces. This work will ensure that our high streets are great places for our businesses, supporting economic growth across the UK.
I am looking forward to working with the Sector Councils for Retail and Hospitality on the strategic issues facing the sectors, including high street regeneration and investment, labour and retail careers, sustainability and supply chain resilience.
Steel is vital for a vibrant, secure economy. This Government is working in partnership with trade unions and industry to secure a green steel transition that’s both right for the workforce and delivers economic growth.
We have already agreed a better deal for steelworkers at Tata Steel and are continuing negotiations with British Steel. However, we are clear we need long-term jobs, not short-term subsidies.
We will publish a steel strategy in spring. This will guide our commitment to invest £2.5 billion in partnership with the private sector as part of our wider commitment to invest in jobs and boost growth across the UK.
We are committed to ensuring the UK remains a leading destination for companies to invest and do business. The International Investment Summit in October will showcase our commitment to partnering with global businesses to secure the investment we need for growth. We are answering investors’ calls for stability and predictability with our new Industrial Strategy, providing long-term confidence to invest. The National Wealth Fund will bring together key institutions to offer compelling propositions to investors.
We recognise that recent times have been challenging for business. The Government is committed to support small businesses. Our Plan for Small Business set out nine pledges, including a pledge to reduce the cost of energy bills. We will be setting out further detail over the coming months.
Total UK imports from Germany amounted to £89 billion in the 12 months to March 2024, a 6% increase in current prices (compared to the previous 12 months). The largest increase was for machinery and transport equipment up £5bn (13%), in particular cars up £4bn (22%) and aircraft up £1bn (153%).
This Government is committed to resetting our relationship with our European partners. The Secretary of State for Business and Trade has already met his German counterpart, Vice Chancellor Habeck, and discussed how we can grow trade further with Germany to support sustainable growth for our businesses, workers and consumers.
The first mission of this Government is to drive economic growth. As part of delivering that mission, the Government will publish a trade strategy, aligned with our industrial strategy, to support jobs and communities in every part of the UK. Free Trade Agreements have a critical role to play in delivering this.
The Government has set out its intention to deliver trade negotiations with key trading partners including the GCC and India. Our trade programme, which is driven by engagement with businesses and stakeholders, will play to the UK’s strengths, boost trade, and strengthen our ties with our international partners.
Through the Plan to Make Work Pay we will deliver a new deal for working people. A number of these measures already have strong support from businesses, and we will consult with them as we put these plans into practice to ensure they are as effective as possible. We also expect that stronger employment practices could aid recruitment and retention, and ultimately save business costs.
The Department for Business and Trade wants to reset our relationship with the EU and deepen ties with our European neighbours.
The Department will work to improve the UK's trade and investment relationship by tearing down unnecessary barriers to trade.
The Department will seek to negotiate a veterinary agreement to prevent unnecessary border checks, to help touring artists, and to secure mutual recognition for professional qualifications to open up priority markets for service exporters.
The Secretary of State has already held positive discussions with his European Commission counterpart Valdis Dombrovskis and has met with German Vice-Chancellor Robert Habeck to discuss UK-German shared trade interests.
We have watched with interest the deals struck in the US to use new nuclear power for the increasing demand for low-carbon, reliable energy to support the potential expansion of the data centres required for artificial intelligence. In the UK, nuclear remains a key part of the energy mix. The Government is committed to working with industry to support potential projects.
The Government is working closely with Ofgem to ensure consumers are put first. My Hon. Friend the Minister for Energy Consumers meets regularly with energy suppliers to outline the Government’s expectations of the standard of service that should be provided to their customers. The impact of the energy crisis is still being felt by people across the country, and the Government, Ofgem and energy suppliers are working together closely to help vulnerable households this winter.
In November Energy UK, in collaboration with the Government, published a Winter 2024 Commitment for this winter which promises £500m of industry support to billpayers this winter. It also outlines how fifteen energy suppliers representing almost the entire market will continue to provide a range of financial support tailored to the needs of their customers.
Together with our Warm Home Discount, households who are struggling to pay their energy bills this winter will receive £1 billion of support.
In the short-term, we are continuing to deliver the Warm Home Discount which provides an annual £150 rebate off energy bills for eligible low-income households. The Government and industry have worked together to deliver a £500m Winter Support Commitment for customers, and we applaud suppliers stepping up on this matter.
Our Warm Homes Plan will transform homes across the country by making them cheaper and cleaner to run, rolling out upgrades from new insulation to solar and heat pumps. Next year will see a total investment of £3.2bn from government, social housing providers and obligations on suppliers.
We will continue to provide substantial funding to Local Authorities to support those most in need. At the Autumn Budget 2024, the Government announced that £1 billion, including Barnett impact, will be invested to extend the Household Support Fund (HSF) in England by a full year until 31 March 2026, and to maintain Discretionary Housing Payments in England and Wales.
Electricity imports enhance security of supply by providing access to a more diverse generation pool that complements our domestic energy mix. They provide system flexibility by responding to changes in supply and demand, which is vital as we continue to integrate more renewable energy sources with intermittent generation.
In their Winter Outlook, the National Energy System Operator expects full interconnector availability for most of this winter, with 6.6GW of capacity obliged to import if needed through the Capacity Market. This is up 1.5GW from last winter and underpinned by comprehensive legal and treaty protections to ensure the market remains open.
As the first step towards the Warm Homes Plan, the Government has committed an initial £3.4 billion over the next 3 years towards heat decarbonisation and household energy efficiency, with £1bn of this allocated to next year. Additional funding will be considered in Phase 2 of the Spending Review, as the Warm Homes Plan is further developed.
In addition to the £3.4 billion of direct capital spend, the Government is ensuring continued further investment of up to £1.4bn through the supplier obligation schemes in 2025/26: the Energy Company Obligation (ECO4) and Great British Insulation Scheme (GBIS) which we are now reforming to improve delivery and ensure consumers save more on their energy bills.
There are different levels of smart meter penetration across Great Britain. The Department collects and publishes annual statistics on electricity smart meter installation progress at a regional level.
The latest regional statistics show that at the end of March 2024, 64% of domestic electricity meters across Great Britain were smart.
Local Authorities with the highest number of smart meters (74% - 75%) are in the East Midlands, North East, and Yorkshire and The Humber. London and Scotland have experienced slower progress to date, where 54% and 51% of meters were smart respectively.
The Government is interested in opportunities to reduce decommissioning costs in the North Sea/UK Continental Shelf. We work closely with the North Sea Transition Authority, Oil and Gas industry partners, and those working on new and emerging technologies in support of this aim.
The Government is committed to transforming Britain into a clean energy superpower and is working closely with Ofgem; to ensure energy is fair and affordable for consumers now and in the future.
Ofgem already regulate the cost of the transmission network, which safely and efficiently transports gas across GB, and under the current price cap represents an average annual cost of £7 per consumer.
Capacity of GB’s gas storage is not regulated by Ofgem however analysis published the Energy Security Plan Update in December 2023 shows we have sufficient and flexible gas storage to meet peak gas demand on any given day.
The Government will continue to deliver the Warm Home Discount, which provides a £150 rebate off energy bills for eligible low-income households. We expect around 3 million households to receive this support this winter.
My Hon. Friend the Minister for Energy Consumers has met with energy suppliers on several occasions and encouraged them to build on the Voluntary Debt Commitment for this winter, and we are continuing to work with suppliers to ensure consumers are supported.
The Government has announced work to strengthen cooperation on energy as per the joint-statement between the Prime Minister and the President of the European Commission at her visit to the UK in early October.
They agreed to work closely to address global challenges including, among others, climate change and energy prices.
The Government is continuing to deliver the Warm Home Discount which provides a £150 annual rebate on energy bills for eligible low-income households and has also extended the Household Support Fund for an additional 6 months until 31 March 2025 with an extra £500 million in funding.
The Minister for Energy Consumers is having regular discussions with energy suppliers to ensure that consumers are supported this winter. This includes through encouraging them to build on the support offered to vulnerable consumers through last winter’s Voluntary Debt Commitment.
The Government has established The Mission Control for Clean Power, led by climate expert Chris Stark, which will work alongside GB Energy, a new publicly owned company, to accelerate the transition to clean power.
The Government will collaborate with the Offshore Wind Industry Council (OWIC) to address supply chain constraints within the offshore wind industry. Industry published their Industrial Growth Plan in April which sets out opportunities to grow the offshore wind supply chain.
Furthermore, the Government is preparing to launch the first phase of the British Jobs Bonus for renewables as part of Contracts for Difference Allocation Round 7.
According to the independent website Thinkbroadband.com, over 85% of premises in the UK can already access a gigabit-capable connection. Building Digital UK’s latest annual report shows that between April 2023 and March 2024, 92% of premises benefitting from publicly-subsidised broadband rollout, including Project Gigabit, were rural.
To improve connectivity further, more than £2 billion of contracts have been signed to connect over a million more premises with gigabit-capable broadband. These are premises that fall predominantly in rural areas. For very hard to reach premises, we are actively discussing with industry where support might be required to accelerate the deployment of appropriate technologies.
We are committed to building an AI sector that can scale globally and boosting responsible AI adoption across the economy.
We are aware that AI provides an increased threat to national security. DSIT is working closely with partners to understand those risks, and are using that knowledge to shape policy-making. AISI’s collaboration with the Laboratory for AI Security Research and the National Cyber Security Centre aims to understand the interplay of cybersecurity and AI security - coordinating where there are shared objectives.
This collaboration enables progress towards ensuring effective global AI governance whilst capitalising on the benefits of AI.
The Government is actively taking steps to remove blocks to the growth of our data centre sector. This includes changes to planning rules, designating the sector as critical national infrastructure (CNI), introducing new legislation to improve security and resilience, and securing more than £25 billion in investment for the sector.
CNI designation signals the Government’s intention to better partner with data centres to promote development that delivers maximum community benefit and mitigation of risks.
Additionally, as part of work to future-proof digital infrastructure, the Government is implementing cross-sectoral power reforms to reduce connection timelines and publishing an AI Opportunities Action Plan.
All organisations in the UK that process personal data already have to comply with the requirements of the UK General Data Protection Regulation (UK GDPR) and the Data Protection Act 2018 (DPA).
In addition, Regulation 6 of the Privacy and Electronic Communications Regulations 2003 (PECR) sets specific rules in relation to the placement of cookies (and similar technologies) on people’s devices.
The data protection legislation requires any company processing personal data to design their products and services with privacy in mind from the start. Providers of smart devices have to consider how their product implements the data protection principles effectively and bakes in necessary safeguards to protect people's rights. For example, they must be transparent with consumers about the data they collect and how they use it, only processing data where there are legitimate grounds to do so, only using what is necessary for their purposes, and ensuring that the data is not used or shared in ways that people would not expect.
People also have rights under the data protection legislation to access their personal data, object to its processing and rights to rectification and erasure.
The legislation is monitored and enforced independently of government by the Information Commissioner’s Office (ICO). The ICO has published a range of guidance for organisations to help them comply with their obligations, including guidance on how to design their products and services in a privacy-friendly way, available at: https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/uk-gdpr-guidance-and-resources/designing-products-that-protect-privacy/privacy-in-the-product-design-lifecycle/.
The ICO has also published advice for the public on protecting themselves from security risks when using smart products here: https://ico.org.uk/for-the-public/online/smart-products/.
Anyone concerned about the handling of their personal data by any organisation can contact the ICO further advice or to make a complaint. The ICO can be contacted by telephone on 0303 123 1113. Further contact details are on the ICO website: https://ico.org.uk/for-the-public/. The ICO has a number of tools to take action against those who breach the data protection legislation, including criminal prosecution, non-criminal enforcement and the power to impose civil monetary penalties.
We are committed to building an AI sector that can scale and win globally, ensuring conditions are right for global AI companies to want to call the UK home. The AI Opportunities Action Plan will outline how we achieve this by securing the necessary infrastructure, talent and data access, and detailing steps to support adoption across the economy.
In the King’s Speech we committed to introducing new, binding and highly targeted requirements on the handful of companies developing the most advanced AI models. They will support growth and innovation by reducing uncertainty for AI developers and boosting public trust.
We are committed to building an AI sector that can scale and win globally, ensuring conditions are right for global AI companies to want to call the UK home. The AI Opportunities Action Plan will outline how we achieve this by securing the necessary infrastructure, talent and data access.
Our publicly funded portfolio of AI R&D investments is worth over £1 billion, with commitments extending beyond 2030. Key investments include £217M in two tranches of AI centres for doctoral training, £86M in AI research hubs, and £100M into BridgeAI, which supports businesses to adopt AI and develop cutting-edge AI technologies.
The Government believes that greater certainty over copyright and AI would support growth in both the creative industries and the AI sector.
This is a complex topic, and the Government is taking the time to hear stakeholder views and to carefully consider the issues, including the use of creative works to train generative AI models.
The Government is engaging with stakeholders to inform its approach and will soon be launching a consultation on a package of measures to address copyright and AI issues.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is at the heart of the Government’s plan to kickstart economic growth, transform public services, and boost living standards. The AI Opportunities Action Plan will set out how we achieve these goals by securing the necessary infrastructure, talent and data access, and detailing steps to support AI adoption across the economy. The Government has secured over £24 billion worth of investment into digital and AI infrastructure at the International Investment Summit.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is at the heart of the Government’s plan to boost economic growth, transform public services, and boost living standards. The AI Opportunities Action Plan will set out how we achieve these goals, by securing the necessary infrastructure, talent and data access, and setting out steps to support AI adoption across the economy.
In the King’s Speech we committed to introducing new, binding requirements on the handful of companies developing the most advanced AI models which will support growth and innovation by ending uncertainty for AI developers, strengthening public trust and boosting business confidence in AI adoption.
GOV.UK Chat is a prototype chatbot developed by the Government Digital Service. It was first tested with users in November 2023. Results showed that nearly 70 percent of users found the chatbot’s responses useful and that its answers were accurate 80 percent of the time. These insights were used to improve the prototype ahead of the current pilot, which commenced on 7 November 2024. This pilot will be live for approximately 4 weeks, after which GDS will make an assessment of its effectiveness.
The government is committed to boosting the responsible adoption of AI across all parts of the economy to drive innovation and kickstart economic growth. The AI Opportunities Action Plan will set out a roadmap to achieve this, including how we can strengthen our AI skills and talent base to ensure AI can be used by workers across the economy. The establishment of Skills England will also be key to embedding the right skills in workers, tackling skills shortages and supporting sustained economic growth.
The AI Opportunities Action Plan will outline steps needed to support the growth of the AI sector, including training and attracting top AI talent. This will build on existing programmes including the AI and Data Science Masters Conversion courses. This year over 4,000 students are expected to graduate from these courses, and historically 90% employed graduates from these programmes work in a role related to AI or data science.
The Government is taking action to support the UK’s world-leading technology industry, which will be at the heart of our new industrial strategy. The Budget will see Research and Development spending rising to a record level of over £20 billion, with DSIT’s R&D budget increasing by 8.5% in real terms. The new Regulatory Innovation Office will reduce red tape for our most innovative companies and speed up technology development. And we are unlocking further investment in industries of the future, including from institutional investors, through the British Growth Partnership, the National Wealth Fund and the Pensions Review.