Lord Taylor of Warwick

The Government has been delivering successful cyber programmes for many years.

We bring new talent into His Majesty’s government with our apprenticeship and graduate schemes and a new Government Cyber Skills Academy.

We attract cyber experts into Government with our new Cyber Resourcing Hub which is working to engage with talent pools and support recruiting line managers. The Civil Service Pay Remit Guidance also gives flexibility for departments to offer higher pay for hard-to-recruit-to roles.

This government is committed to ensuring departments consider overall value for money in resourcing decisions.

To this end, it has introduced a 2% target for reduction to administration budgets in financial years 2024-25 and 2025-26 and a stop to all non-essential spending on consultancy, with an aim to halve spending in future years.

As set out in the Budget, the government has committed to developing a long-term strategic plan for a more efficient and effective Civil Service, including bold options to improve skills, harness digital technology and drive better outcomes for public services.

Decisions relating to the size and cost of the Civil Service workforce will be considered as part of the Spending Review process. HM Treasury and the Cabinet Office will work closely with departments to develop plans that achieve the government’s reform objectives for the Civil Service.

The Government is committed to a strategic plan for the Civil Service which supports improved productivity and drives innovation.

In a speech on 9 December, the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster set out the Government’s plans for public sector reform. Phase 2 of the Spending Review will also include a focus on how departments can support innovation and boost productivity in the Civil Service.

The Windsor Framework provides a wide range support for business between GB and NI.

The UK Internal Market Scheme already enables businesses to move goods from Great Britain to Northern Ireland without being subject to customs duties. This is being expanded into the full UK internal market system which will further simplify the movement of goods for businesses.

There will be a competitive procurement exercise for provision of the Trader Support Service, which provides free support and guidance to businesses, to ensure continuity of service from 2026 onwards, and the current service has been extended to the end of 2025.

Last week, the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster delivered a speech to the NATO Cyber Defence Conference in which he set out the Government's commitment to strengthening cyber resilience. We continue to work closely with allies to expose cyber attackers from across the world, whether that’s through public attributions, calling out hostile actors, or through sanctions. And we are constantly looking at where we can bolster our own digital defences here in the UK. In the King’s Speech, we announced that the Government would bring forward a Cyber Security and Resilience Bill, which will strengthen the UK’s cyber defences, and, working with industry, help make the UK the safest place to live and work online.

The Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster also announced a new Laboratory for AI Security Research at the University of Oxford (LASR), backed by £8.2 million of funding from the government’s Integrated Security Fund. The lab will bring together experts from government, industry and academia to seize the national security and economic opportunities of secure AI, underlining our commitment to stay one step ahead in this new AI arms race.

The information requested falls under the remit of the UK Statistics Authority.

Please see the letter attached from the National Statistician and Chief Executive of the UK Statistics Authority.

The Lord Taylor of Warwick

House of Lords

London

SW1A 0PW

14 October 2024

Dear Lord Taylor,

As National Statistician and Chief Executive of the UK Statistics Authority, I am responding to your Parliamentary Question asking what assessment has been made of the levels of small businesses closing since (1) the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, and (2) the UK’s departure from the EU (HL1421).

The Office for National Statistics (ONS) produces an annual Business Demography, UK publication1. The data are produced from the Inter Departmental Business Register (IDBR) which contains all businesses registered for VAT and/or PAYE. Unfortunately, the numbers of business deaths shown in this release are not broken down by size band, so it is not possible to show the number of small businesses which have closed down since the start of the pandemic.

However, we have provided figures in Table 1 showing the total number of business deaths since 2020. The latest annual figures available are for the year 2022. As the start of the COVID-19 pandemic was in March 2020 and the UK’s departure from the EU was on 31 January 2020 it is possible to cover the two periods using the same data.

The ONS also produces a quarterly publication on business births and deaths2. The quarterly figures are useful because they provide up-to-date business demography estimates. Please note though that the figures are regarded as ‘Official Statistics in Development’ and should be considered as less reliable than the annual business demography numbers.

We have provided, in Table 2, the number of business deaths, by quarter, from the first quarter of 2020 until the second quarter of 2024. We do not have these figures available by sizeband and hence are not able to show the number of small businesses which have closed over this period.

Yours sincerely,

Professor Sir Ian Diamond

1https://www.ons.gov.uk/businessindustryandtrade/business/activitysizeandlocation/bulletins/business

demography/previousReleases

2https://www.ons.gov.uk/businessindustryandtrade/business/activitysizeandlocation/bulletins/business

demographyquarterlyexperimentalstatisticsuk/latest

Table 1: The total number of business deaths, annually, from 2020 until 2022, UK.

Source: Annual Business Demography, Inter Departmental Business Register

Table 2: The number of business deaths, by quarter, from the first quarter of 2020 until

the second quarter of 2024, UK3

Source: Quarterly Business Demography, Inter Departmental Business Register

3Quarterly business demography estimates are regarded as official statistics in development.

Quarterly estimates, when summed over a year, do not add to the annual estimates obtained from the annual business demography output.

My Rt Hon Friends the Chancellor of the Exchequer and the Secretary of State for Business and Trade are responsible for this Government’s priority of growth and advancing opportunities for investment across the country.

The latest PwC survey of Global CEOs showed the UK is now the second most important destination for international investment after the US – beating Germany, China and India [1]. The FT Report 2025 also reaffirmed our status as the leading destination in Europe for Greenfield FDI in 2024, marking the UK’s second-highest recorded investment level.

Additionally, the Department for Business and Trade has been working at pace to develop an Industrial Strategy based on businesses’ responses to the Invest 2035 Green Paper and ongoing engagement with industry. This strategy builds on the government’s commitment to unleash the full potential of UK cities and regions by attracting investment and fostering an environment where businesses can thrive.

[1] https://www.pwc.co.uk/press-room/press-releases/research-commentary/2024/global-ceos-rank-uk-most-important-market-after-us---pwc-s-28th-.html

The UK has nine trade agreements with 18 countries across Africa, including three association agreements covering Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia in North Africa and six development-focussed Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) in sub-Saharan Africa. UK-African agreements focus on trade in goods. In addition, the UK has a unilateral trade preference scheme, called the Developing Country Trading Scheme, which offers 37 African countries generous preferential access to the UK market, with most countries eligible for tariff-free and duty-free access on all products, excluding arms and ammunition.

The UK-US Economic Prosperity Deal is separate to our negotiations with other countries. We are working to improve our trading relationships with other nations alongside our work with the US. For example, the UK concluded a landmark trade deal with India on 6 May, and on 19 May the Prime Minister confirmed a new agreement with the European Union which will deliver on his core mission to grow the economy, back British jobs and put more money in people’s pockets.

We intend to introduce permanently lower tax rates for retail, hospitality, and leisure (RHL) properties, including those on the high street, from 2026-27. Ahead of these changes being made, we have prevented RHL relief from ending in April 2025 by extending it for one year at 40 per cent up to a cash cap of £110,000 per business and frozen the small business multiplier.

The government is protecting the smallest businesses from changes to Employer National Insurance Contributions (NICs) by increasing the Employment Allowance to £10,500. This means that in 2025-26, 865,000 employers (43%) will pay no NICs at all.

Later this year we will publish our Small Business Strategy which will focus on, amongst other issues, what more we can do to support high streets.

Delivering on our plan to Make Work Pay is a core part of the mission to grow the economy, raise living standards and create opportunities for all. We are committed to working in partnership with businesses to realise that ambition, enabling businesses and workers to thrive.

The Government has consulted with stakeholders extensively. We have collaborated directly with over 170 stakeholders, working in partnership to deliver on our Plan to Make Work Pay. Many of these conversations touch on research undertaken by external organisations.

My department has published a set of Impact Assessments that provide a comprehensive analysis on the potential impact of the Employment Rights Bill. This initial analysis includes consideration of the potential effects on employment; the risk is currently deemed low. This analysis is available at: Employment Rights Bill: impact assessments - GOV.UK. This represents the best estimate for the likely impacts given the current stage of policy development. We plan to refine our analysis as policy development continues, working closely with external experts, businesses and trade unions.

The UK government has been taking action to boost investment in British publicly traded companies by promoting stability and delivering the reforms needed to support growth as set out in the Chancellor’s Mansion House speech last year.

The Government is disappointed by the announcement of an increase in tariffs, which are not in the UK’s national interest, and we understand businesses are concerned.

That is why the government has been focused on negotiating an economic deal with the United States, and we will continue to engage with the US to understand the details of how these tariffs will be implemented.

We remain resolute in our support for UK industry across the board. We have already heard from a number of business organisations including the CBI and the British Chamber of Commerce, that they support our approach and want us to continue working to secure an economic deal with the US. Ministers and officials will continue to meet with impacted stakeholders from a range of sectors.

As set out in the Impact Assessment accompanying the 2025 National Minimum Wage and National Living Wage (NLW) rates, the economic literature to date shows that increases to the NLW have had a limited impact on labour demand.

There were around 816,000 vacancies in December 2024 to February 2025, broadly unchanged on the quarter, based on the latest official data.

We’re disappointed by the decision to impose global tariffs of 25% on the auto imports and know this will be deeply concerning for our automotive sector. We support our automotive industry, and in the first instance we will continue to pursue a deal that works for both us and the US.

We have backed the auto sector with £2 billion to support the transition of domestic manufacturing and £300 million announced in the Budget to drive uptake of electric vehicles. We will also use our Industrial Strategy to strengthen UK automotive competitiveness.

This government is clear that we will always do what is necessary to defend the UK’s national interest. This is why the government has launched a request for input from businesses to help shape our response to US tariffs.

The UK-US relationship is already very strong, with trade worth £315 billion in 2024, and shared investment of over £1.2 trillion at the end of 2023.

As you will be aware, on Tuesday 18 March, the Secretary of State for Business and Trade met with US Commerce Secretary Howard Lutnick, US Trade Representative Jamieson Greer and the Special Envoy to the UK Mark Burnett in Washington DC. The meeting followed last month’s agreement between the Prime Minister and President Trump that teams would start working together on an Economic Prosperity Deal, building on our shared strengths and commitment to economic security.

The Secretary of State and Minister Sarah Jones speak to the automotive industry regularly, so we know targets are important for certainty. We also need to ensure the transition to Zero Emission vehicles works for industry. That is why the Department for Transport has recently sought views from industry on how Government can best support it to meet the targets in the Zero Emission Vehicle mandate. The response will be published in the near future.

This Government has also committed over £2 billion of funding to 2030 for zero emission vehicle manufacturing and supply chains. This support will be crucial for scaling up green technologies - supporting growth across the UK.

We are expanding the Office for Investment to ensure it is fit for purpose and has the capability needed to continue to showcase the UK as the first choice for investment and the best place in the world to do business. The enhanced OfI will originate and execute major deals, develop commercially attractive investment propositions, market the UK to investors globally, and coordinate investment activity across Government. This will ensure that the UK continues to be a world leader for attracting international investment which is central to our mission to drive growth, job creation and productivity across the UK.

The Government is creating a fairer business rate system and transforming the apprenticeship levy to support business and boost opportunities.

Delivering on our plan to Make Work Pay is a core part of the Government's Plan for Change, supporting the mission to grow the economy, raise living standards and create opportunities for all. The Department has published a set of Impact Assessments that provide a comprehensive analysis on the potential impact of the Employment Rights Bill. This analysis includes consideration of increases in labour costs for businesses and the subsequent effects. This analysis is available at: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/employment-rights-bill-impact-assessments.

The UK Government is committed to building a world-leading Artificial Intelligence (AI) sector, encouraging investment, and enabling adoption across the economy. Our ambition is to shape the AI revolution on principles of shared economic prosperity, improved public services and increased personal opportunities.

On 13 January, the Prime Minister announced the AI Opportunities Action Plan.
This Government is committed to implementing all 50 recommendations outlined in the Plan. Delivering the Plan will lay the foundations for AI growth, drive adoption across the economy and build UK capability.

The Technology Adoption Review will also provide practical recommendations on how the Government can work with businesses to address barriers they face when adopting both established and novel technologies, with a focus on the 8 growth-driving sectors identified in the Industrial Strategy green paper.

Our automotive industry directly supports over 150,000 jobs and contributes £19.4 billion to the economy - it is a growth sector. Production did dip last year, due in part to weaker global demand, but also because factories are retooling to build Electric Vehicles - so, we remain confident in the sector.

That is why the Budget included a £2 billion commitment to build on previous innovation programmes that have leveraged over £6bn of investment from the private sector. Just last month, this government, Nissan and JATCO (a component manufacturer) secured a £50 million deal to establish JATCO's first European manufacturing site in Sunderland.

The Prime Minister has made clear that the UK is not choosing between the US and the EU. As set out by the Chancellor, we recognise that our markets are highly interconnected. This government's main priority is growing the UK economy - strengthening trade with our most economically important markets is a major part of that.

We are committed to continuing our work with both the US and the EU to remove barriers to trade and help UK businesses grow.

The government continues to monitor the impact of flexible working.

According to recent ONS data, the trend in working only from home has fallen since 2021, and a hybrid working model has become the ‘new normal’ for around a quarter of workers.

Reported benefits of remote working include improved recruitment, inclusivity, wellbeing, and productivity, and reduced employer overheads. Furthermore, the ONS’ Business Insights and Conditions Survey covering 18 November to 1 December 2024 found that, of those that have adopted or extended homeworking, 43% reported that this was due to increased productivity.

Delivering on our plan to Make Work Pay is a core part of the mission to grow the economy, raise living standards and create opportunities for all. We are committed to working in partnership with businesses to realise that ambition, enabling businesses and workers to thrive.

My department has published a set of Impact Assessments that provide a comprehensive analysis on the potential impact of the Employment Rights Bill. This analysis includes consideration of increases in labour costs for businesses and the subsequent effects. This analysis is available at: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/employment-rights-bill-impact-assessments

This government is committed to trade policy that is based on data, and the evidence is clear that better trading relations with the EU are crucial to the overarching goal of better economic growth.

However, as Minister Nick Thomas-Symonds said at the Business and Trade Select Committee on 21 January, we have a democratic mandate, as set out in our manifesto, not to return to the single market or join the Customs Union.

The Prime Minister has been clear that the UK’s economic regulators, including the Competition and Markets Authority, “the CMA”, have a vital role to play in delivering the Government’s growth mission. The Government will soon publish a new growth focused Strategic Steer to the CMA.

Over the last 20 years the UK (£720 billion) has attracted more Greenfield FDI than Germany (£305 billion) and France (£205 billion) combined. My department will continue to work with the Department for Science, Innovation and Technology and the Office for Investment to support significant overseas companies to invest and expand their footprint in the UK, and ensure that local communities benefit from the digital industrial revolution.

As set out in the AI Opportunities Action Plan presented earlier this month, AI Growth Zones will be established across the UK. Government will support these dedicated hotbeds of development to build the infrastructure needed to power and train cutting-edge AI. By partnering with the private sector, we will create vibrant hubs that attract investment, support new jobs, and rejuvenate communities.

The UK-US partnership is a cornerstone of the transatlantic alliance and we look forward to working with President Trump in the coming years. Our trading relationship with the US is worth around £300 billion and we have over £1.2 trillion invested in each other’s economies. We will explore various avenues to strengthen UK-US trade and support economic growth, alongside the development of our Industrial and Trade Strategies.

The Government views effective competition regulation as a key driver for growth of UK businesses. As outlined in the Industrial Strategy Green Paper, effective competition drives innovation and boosts productivity, enabling businesses to thrive. The Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) is the UK’s primary consumer and competition authority. The CMA has returned over £23 in savings to consumers for every £1 spent by UK taxpayers over the last 3 years.

A secure supply of critical minerals is vital for the UK's economic growth and security, industrial strategy, and clean energy transition. The government is developing a new Critical Minerals Strategy which will be more targeted towards the delivery of our industrial strategy and its eight core growth sectors. This new Critical Minerals Strategy will help secure our supply chains for the long term and drive forward the green industries of the future.

Economic growth is the number one mission of this Government. In November we published our Industrial Strategy Green Paper, which set out that Sector Plans will be designed in partnership with business, devolved governments, regions and other stakeholders. Sector Plans will identify key barriers to growth and describe how Government and industry intend to achieve long-term growth and create more good jobs in every part of the country.

In addition, the Government will continue to monitor carefully the impacts of the National Minimum Wage and National Living Wage on the economy. The Government's remit to the Low Pay Commission's (LPC) asked the LPC to take into account the impact on business, competitiveness, the labour market, and the wider economy when recommending rates.

The Department for Business and Trade sponsors two voluntary and business-led initiatives: the FTSE Women Leaders Review and the Parker Review on ethnic minority leadership. Both reviews encourage companies to achieve voluntary targets - 40% representation of women on boards and in senior management, and at least one ethnic minority director on company boards.

The 2024 report showed that 42.1% of the FTSE 350 board members were women behind only France who has adopted a quota approach to diversity and ahead of other countries with quotas. The 2024 Parker review reported that 77% of boards FTSE 350 boards had met their target.

Growth is the number one mission of the government. To encourage expansions, investment and recruitment, we are beginning to tackle barriers to investment, like skills, international talent, data, R&D, technology adoption, access to finance, competition, regulation, energy prices, grid connections, infrastructure, and planning – through a new Industrial Strategy that will support growth sectors to create more high-quality, well-paid jobs across the country, backed by employment rights fit for a modern economy.

The EU and the US are two of our largest trading markets, together accounting for over 64% of total UK trade. We are committed to strengthening our trade and investment relationships with both the EU and US and to working together to remove unnecessary barriers to trade

As set out by the Chancellor, we recognise that our markets are highly interconnected. This government’s main priority is growing the UK economy – strengthened trade with our most economically important partners is a major part of that.