Lord Pickles Sparring Partners during the 2010-2015 Parliament
View all Parliaments
2015-2017 Parliament
Hilary Benn (Labour)
Secretary of State for Northern Ireland
(58 debate interactions)
Clive Betts (Labour)
(42 debate interactions)
John Bercow (Speaker)
(38 debate interactions)
Nick Raynsford (Labour)
(20 debate interactions)
Caroline Flint (Labour)
(16 debate interactions)
Andrew Gwynne (Labour (Co-op))
Parliamentary Under-Secretary (Department of Health and Social Care)
(15 debate interactions)
Bob Russell (Liberal Democrat)
(15 debate interactions)
Diana Johnson (Labour)
Minister of State (Home Office)
(15 debate interactions)
Bob Blackman (Conservative)
(14 debate interactions)
Annette Brooke (Liberal Democrat)
(14 debate interactions)
Mark Pawsey (Conservative)
(14 debate interactions)
Heidi Alexander (Labour)
Minister of State (Ministry of Justice)
(13 debate interactions)
Philip Hollobone (Conservative)
(13 debate interactions)
Chris Williamson (Independent)
(13 debate interactions)
Hazel Blears (Labour)
(12 debate interactions)
Barry Sheerman (Labour (Co-op))
(12 debate interactions)
Lord Watts (Labour)
(12 debate interactions)
Henry Smith (Conservative)
(11 debate interactions)
Bill Esterson (Labour)
(11 debate interactions)
Simon Danczuk (Independent)
(10 debate interactions)
Lord Blunkett (Labour)
(10 debate interactions)
Robert Neill (Conservative)
(10 debate interactions)
Simon Hughes (Liberal Democrat)
(9 debate interactions)
Luciana Berger (Liberal Democrat)
(9 debate interactions)
Lord Barwell (Conservative)
(9 debate interactions)
Dominic Raab (Conservative)
(9 debate interactions)
John Redwood (Conservative)
(9 debate interactions)
Neil Carmichael (Conservative)
(9 debate interactions)
Jim Fitzpatrick (Labour)
(9 debate interactions)
Fiona Mactaggart (Labour)
(8 debate interactions)
Helen Goodman (Labour)
(8 debate interactions)
Baroness McIntosh of Pickering (Conservative)
(8 debate interactions)
Mary Glindon (Labour)
(8 debate interactions)
Alan Whitehead (Labour)
(8 debate interactions)
Andrew Percy (Conservative)
(8 debate interactions)
Andrew Love (Labour (Co-op))
(8 debate interactions)
Lord Beamish (Labour)
(8 debate interactions)
Huw Irranca-Davies (Labour)
(8 debate interactions)
Philip Davies (Conservative)
(8 debate interactions)
Lindsay Hoyle (Speaker)
(8 debate interactions)
George Hollingbery (Conservative)
(7 debate interactions)
Peter Bone (Independent)
(7 debate interactions)
Lord Goldsmith of Richmond Park (Conservative)
(7 debate interactions)
Duncan Hames (Liberal Democrat)
(7 debate interactions)
Clive Efford (Labour)
(7 debate interactions)
Charlie Elphicke (Independent)
(7 debate interactions)
Andrew Bridgen (Independent)
(7 debate interactions)
Robert Halfon (Conservative)
(7 debate interactions)
Sheila Gilmore (Labour)
(7 debate interactions)
Graham P Jones (Labour)
(7 debate interactions)
Tony Baldry (Conservative)
(7 debate interactions)
Andrew Stephenson (Conservative)
(7 debate interactions)
Andrew Selous (Conservative)
Second Church Estates Commissioner
(7 debate interactions)
John Healey (Labour)
Secretary of State for Defence
(7 debate interactions)
Edward Leigh (Conservative)
(6 debate interactions)
Brandon Lewis (Conservative)
(6 debate interactions)
Chris Ruane (Labour)
(6 debate interactions)
Mike Freer (Conservative)
(6 debate interactions)
Lilian Greenwood (Labour)
Parliamentary Under-Secretary (Department for Transport)
(6 debate interactions)
Amber Rudd (Independent)
(6 debate interactions)
Chris Leslie (The Independent Group for Change)
(6 debate interactions)
David Wright (Labour)
(6 debate interactions)
Andrew Griffiths (Conservative)
(6 debate interactions)
Paul Goggins (Labour)
(6 debate interactions)
Kerry McCarthy (Labour)
Parliamentary Under Secretary of State (Department for Energy Security and Net Zero)
(6 debate interactions)
Caroline Nokes (Conservative)
(6 debate interactions)
Damian Hinds (Conservative)
(6 debate interactions)
Gordon Henderson (Conservative)
(6 debate interactions)
Grahame Morris (Labour)
(6 debate interactions)
Lord Evans of Rainow (Conservative)
(6 debate interactions)
Rehman Chishti (Conservative)
(6 debate interactions)
Julie Hilling (Labour)
(6 debate interactions)
Natascha Engel (Labour)
(6 debate interactions)
Alison Seabeck (Labour)
(6 debate interactions)
Laurence Robertson (Conservative)
(6 debate interactions)
Nick de Bois (Conservative)
(6 debate interactions)
Margot James (Conservative)
(5 debate interactions)
Barry Gardiner (Labour)
(5 debate interactions)
James Morris (Conservative)
(5 debate interactions)
James Gray (Conservative)
(5 debate interactions)
Rosie Cooper (Labour)
(5 debate interactions)
Lord Mann (Labour)
(5 debate interactions)
Karen Buck (Labour)
(5 debate interactions)
Julian Sturdy (Conservative)
(5 debate interactions)
Roberta Blackman-Woods (Labour)
(5 debate interactions)
Richard Graham (Conservative)
(5 debate interactions)
Tony Lloyd (Labour)
(5 debate interactions)
Greg Mulholland (Liberal Democrat)
(5 debate interactions)
Tristram Hunt (Labour)
(5 debate interactions)
Baroness Fullbrook (Conservative)
(5 debate interactions)
Lord Austin of Dudley (Non-affiliated)
(5 debate interactions)
Joan Walley (Labour)
(5 debate interactions)
Lord Beith (Liberal Democrat)
(5 debate interactions)
Andy Slaughter (Labour)
(5 debate interactions)
Nadhim Zahawi (Conservative)
(5 debate interactions)
Jim Cunningham (Labour)
(5 debate interactions)
Chris Bryant (Labour)
Minister of State (Department for Culture, Media and Sport)
(5 debate interactions)
Heather Wheeler (Conservative)
(5 debate interactions)
John Pugh (Liberal Democrat)
(5 debate interactions)
David Rutley (Conservative)
(5 debate interactions)
Sarah Wollaston (Liberal Democrat)
(5 debate interactions)
Mark Menzies (Independent)
(5 debate interactions)
Lord Cryer (Labour)
Lord in Waiting (HM Household) (Whip)
(5 debate interactions)
Tobias Ellwood (Conservative)
(5 debate interactions)
Marcus Jones (Conservative)
(5 debate interactions)
Debbie Abrahams (Labour)
(5 debate interactions)
Adam Holloway (Conservative)
(5 debate interactions)
Ben Bradshaw (Labour)
(5 debate interactions)
Stuart Andrew (Conservative)
Shadow Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport
(5 debate interactions)
Nicholas Brown (Independent)
(5 debate interactions)
Eric Ollerenshaw (Conservative)
(4 debate interactions)
David Simpson (Democratic Unionist Party)
(4 debate interactions)
Richard Ottaway (Conservative)
(4 debate interactions)
Bob Ainsworth (Labour)
(4 debate interactions)
Nigel Evans (Conservative)
(4 debate interactions)
Justin Tomlinson (Conservative)
(4 debate interactions)
Jason McCartney (Conservative)
(4 debate interactions)
Emily Thornberry (Labour)
(4 debate interactions)
Alison McGovern (Labour)
Minister of State (Department for Work and Pensions)
(4 debate interactions)
Chris Skidmore (Conservative)
(4 debate interactions)
David Ruffley (Conservative)
(4 debate interactions)
Esther McVey (Conservative)
(4 debate interactions)
Martin Vickers (Conservative)
(4 debate interactions)
Tessa Munt (Liberal Democrat)
(4 debate interactions)
Kate Green (Labour)
(4 debate interactions)
David T C Davies (Conservative)
(4 debate interactions)
Baroness Blackwood of North Oxford (Conservative)
(4 debate interactions)
Tom Blenkinsop (Labour)
(4 debate interactions)
Helen Jones (Labour)
(4 debate interactions)
Sarah Newton (Conservative)
(4 debate interactions)
Stella Creasy (Labour (Co-op))
(4 debate interactions)
Alex Cunningham (Labour)
(4 debate interactions)
Adrian Sanders (Liberal Democrat)
(4 debate interactions)
David Nuttall (Conservative)
(4 debate interactions)
Crispin Blunt (Independent)
(4 debate interactions)
Steve Reed (Labour (Co-op))
Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
(4 debate interactions)
Lyn Brown (Labour)
(4 debate interactions)
Geraint Davies (Independent)
(4 debate interactions)
Keith Vaz (Labour)
(4 debate interactions)
Stephen McPartland (Conservative)
(4 debate interactions)
Thérèse Coffey (Conservative)
(4 debate interactions)
David Heath (Liberal Democrat)
(4 debate interactions)
Lord Soames of Fletching (Conservative)
(4 debate interactions)
Stephen Metcalfe (Conservative)
(4 debate interactions)
John Denham (Labour)
(3 debate interactions)
Rob Wilson (Conservative)
(3 debate interactions)
Matt Hancock (Conservative)
(3 debate interactions)
Sheryll Murray (Conservative)
(3 debate interactions)
Jonathan Lord (Conservative)
(3 debate interactions)
Baroness Keeley (Labour)
(3 debate interactions)
Nigel Adams (Conservative)
(3 debate interactions)
Jane Ellison (Conservative)
(3 debate interactions)
Lord Hanson of Flint (Labour)
Minister of State (Home Office)
(3 debate interactions)
Matthew Offord (Conservative)
(3 debate interactions)
Dennis Skinner (Labour)
(3 debate interactions)
Paul Beresford (Conservative)
(3 debate interactions)
Aidan Burley (Conservative)
(3 debate interactions)
Mark Field (Conservative)
(3 debate interactions)
Gordon Marsden (Labour)
(3 debate interactions)
George Howarth (Labour)
(3 debate interactions)
Nicholas Dakin (Labour)
Government Whip, Lord Commissioner of HM Treasury
(3 debate interactions)
Joan Ruddock (Labour)
(3 debate interactions)
Steve Rotheram (Labour)
(3 debate interactions)
Stephen Gilbert (Liberal Democrat)
(3 debate interactions)
Anne Main (Conservative)
(3 debate interactions)
Julian Smith (Conservative)
(3 debate interactions)
Derek Twigg (Labour)
(3 debate interactions)
Denis MacShane (Labour)
(3 debate interactions)
Andrew Jones (Conservative)
(3 debate interactions)
Steve Baker (Conservative)
(3 debate interactions)
Jessica Lee (Conservative)
(3 debate interactions)
Laura Sandys (Conservative)
(3 debate interactions)
Christopher Pincher (Independent)
(3 debate interactions)
David Morris (Conservative)
(3 debate interactions)
Oliver Heald (Conservative)
(3 debate interactions)
Jonathan Edwards (Independent)
(3 debate interactions)
Fiona Bruce (Conservative)
(3 debate interactions)
Simon Hart (Conservative)
(3 debate interactions)
Ann Coffey (The Independent Group for Change)
(3 debate interactions)
Jeremy Corbyn (Independent)
(3 debate interactions)
Harriett Baldwin (Conservative)
Shadow Minister (Business and Trade)
(3 debate interactions)
Guy Opperman (Conservative)
(3 debate interactions)
Steve Brine (Conservative)
(3 debate interactions)
Iain Stewart (Conservative)
(3 debate interactions)
Paul Maynard (Conservative)
(3 debate interactions)
Sharon Hodgson (Labour)
(3 debate interactions)
Brian Binley (Conservative)
(3 debate interactions)
Angela Smith (Liberal Democrat)
(3 debate interactions)
John Hemming (Liberal Democrat)
(3 debate interactions)
Steve McCabe (Labour)
(3 debate interactions)
Pauline Latham (Conservative)
(3 debate interactions)
Peter Luff (Conservative)
(3 debate interactions)
Mark Pritchard (Conservative)
(3 debate interactions)
Geoffrey Robinson (Labour)
(3 debate interactions)
Lord Jackson of Peterborough (Conservative)
(3 debate interactions)
Charles Walker (Conservative)
(3 debate interactions)
Nadine Dorries (Conservative)
(3 debate interactions)
John Baron (Conservative)
(3 debate interactions)
Andy Sawford (Labour (Co-op))
(3 debate interactions)
Andy McDonald (Labour)
(3 debate interactions)
Meg Munn (Labour (Co-op))
(3 debate interactions)
Chi Onwurah (Labour)
Shadow Minister (Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy)
(3 debate interactions)
Maria Eagle (Labour)
Minister of State (Ministry of Defence)
(3 debate interactions)
Jeremy Browne (Liberal Democrat)
(3 debate interactions)
Mike Gapes (The Independent Group for Change)
(3 debate interactions)
Lord Harrington of Watford (Non-affiliated)
(3 debate interactions)
Lord Stunell (Liberal Democrat)
(3 debate interactions)
Baroness Hodge of Barking (Labour)
(2 debate interactions)
Alun Cairns (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Lord Walney (Crossbench)
(2 debate interactions)
Rory Stewart (Independent)
(2 debate interactions)
David Lammy (Labour)
Foreign Secretary
(2 debate interactions)
Lord Lancaster of Kimbolton (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
David Ward (Liberal Democrat)
(2 debate interactions)
Elizabeth Truss (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Greg Hands (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
David Evennett (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Toby Perkins (Labour)
(2 debate interactions)
Stephen Lloyd (Liberal Democrat)
(2 debate interactions)
Anne Begg (Labour)
(2 debate interactions)
Louise Ellman (Independent)
(2 debate interactions)
Baroness Primarolo (Labour)
(2 debate interactions)
Stephen Timms (Labour)
Minister of State (Department for Work and Pensions)
(2 debate interactions)
Liz Kendall (Labour)
Secretary of State for Work and Pensions
(2 debate interactions)
Michael Dugher (Labour)
(2 debate interactions)
Richard Burden (Labour)
(2 debate interactions)
Ronnie Campbell (Labour)
(2 debate interactions)
Paul Uppal (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Anne Marie Morris (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Gloria De Piero (Labour)
(2 debate interactions)
David Burrowes (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Alec Shelbrooke (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Lord Sharma (Conservative)
COP26 President (Cabinet Office)
(2 debate interactions)
Chuka Umunna (Liberal Democrat)
(2 debate interactions)
Iain Wright (Labour)
(2 debate interactions)
Stephen Mosley (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Greg Clark (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Douglas Carswell (Independent)
(2 debate interactions)
Charlotte Leslie (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Chris Heaton-Harris (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Priti Patel (Conservative)
Shadow Secretary of State for Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Affairs
(2 debate interactions)
Caroline Dinenage (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
John Robertson (Labour)
(2 debate interactions)
Helen Grant (Conservative)
Shadow Solicitor General
(2 debate interactions)
George Freeman (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Teresa Pearce (Labour)
(2 debate interactions)
Dan Rogerson (Liberal Democrat)
(2 debate interactions)
Wayne David (Labour)
(2 debate interactions)
Valerie Vaz (Labour)
(2 debate interactions)
Andrew Smith (Labour)
(2 debate interactions)
Nigel Mills (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Baroness Burt of Solihull (Liberal Democrat)
(2 debate interactions)
Roger Williams (Liberal Democrat)
(2 debate interactions)
Mark Spencer (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
David Mowat (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Jonathan Ashworth (Labour (Co-op))
(2 debate interactions)
Michael Fabricant (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Kelvin Hopkins (Independent)
(2 debate interactions)
Caroline Lucas (Green Party)
(2 debate interactions)
Pat Glass (Labour)
(2 debate interactions)
Paul Flynn (Labour)
(2 debate interactions)
Bob Stewart (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Paul Burstow (Liberal Democrat)
(2 debate interactions)
Tim Loughton (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Cheryl Gillan (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Andrew Bingham (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Ian Lavery (Labour)
(2 debate interactions)
David Crausby (Labour)
(2 debate interactions)
Seema Malhotra (Labour (Co-op))
Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State (Department for Education) (Equalities)
(2 debate interactions)
Oliver Colvile (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Jake Berry (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Ian Liddell-Grainger (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Neil Parish (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Lord Bellingham (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Angela Watkinson (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Nick Gibb (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Gerald Howarth (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Mike Thornton (Liberal Democrat)
(2 debate interactions)
Graeme Morrice (Labour)
(2 debate interactions)
Ian Mearns (Labour)
(2 debate interactions)
Bridget Phillipson (Labour)
Minister for Women and Equalities
(2 debate interactions)
Rushanara Ali (Labour)
Parliamentary Under-Secretary (Housing, Communities and Local Government)
(2 debate interactions)
Michael Ellis (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Siobhain McDonagh (Labour)
(2 debate interactions)
Alistair Burt (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Baroness Stuart of Edgbaston (Crossbench)
(2 debate interactions)
Maria Miller (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Lord Robathan (Conservative)
(2 debate interactions)
Mark Reckless (UK Independence Party)
(2 debate interactions)
Jon Trickett (Labour)
(1 debate interactions)
Andrew Murrison (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Peter Soulsby (Labour)
(1 debate interactions)
Baroness Morgan of Cotes (Non-affiliated)
(1 debate interactions)
Gerald Kaufman (Labour)
(1 debate interactions)
Mel Stride (Conservative)
Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer
(1 debate interactions)
Penny Mordaunt (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
George Eustice (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Karen Bradley (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Mary Macleod (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Desmond Swayne (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
David Tredinnick (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Claire Perry (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Thomas Docherty (Labour)
(1 debate interactions)
John Glen (Conservative)
Shadow Paymaster General
(1 debate interactions)
Graham Stringer (Labour)
(1 debate interactions)
Tracey Crouch (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Jack Dromey (Labour)
(1 debate interactions)
Tim Farron (Liberal Democrat)
Liberal Democrat Spokesperson (Environment, Food and Rural Affairs)
(1 debate interactions)
Karen Lumley (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Nick Smith (Labour)
(1 debate interactions)
Stephen Twigg (Labour (Co-op))
(1 debate interactions)
Malcolm Wicks (Labour)
(1 debate interactions)
Jackie Doyle-Price (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Dan Byles (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Jack Straw (Independent)
(1 debate interactions)
Edward Timpson (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Gavin Williamson (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Emma Reynolds (Labour)
Parliamentary Secretary (HM Treasury)
(1 debate interactions)
Jim Sheridan (Labour)
(1 debate interactions)
Yvonne Fovargue (Labour)
(1 debate interactions)
Peter Aldous (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Linda Riordan (Labour (Co-op))
(1 debate interactions)
John Howell (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Roger Godsiff (Labour)
(1 debate interactions)
Julian Lewis (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Richard Drax (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Martin Horwood (Liberal Democrat)
(1 debate interactions)
Gareth Johnson (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
John Penrose (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
John Leech (Liberal Democrat)
(1 debate interactions)
Julian Huppert (Liberal Democrat)
(1 debate interactions)
Shabana Mahmood (Labour)
Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice
(1 debate interactions)
John Whittingdale (Conservative)
Shadow Minister (Health and Social Care)
(1 debate interactions)
Karl McCartney (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Andrea Leadsom (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Angus Brendan MacNeil (Independent)
(1 debate interactions)
Peter Bottomley (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Lisa Nandy (Labour)
Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport
(1 debate interactions)
Lord Spellar (Labour)
(1 debate interactions)
Karl Turner (Labour)
(1 debate interactions)
James Duddridge (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Jeremy Lefroy (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Stephen Phillips (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Gavin Shuker (Independent)
(1 debate interactions)
Craig Whittaker (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Andrew George (Liberal Democrat)
(1 debate interactions)
Glyn Davies (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Lord Hain (Labour)
(1 debate interactions)
John McDonnell (Independent)
(1 debate interactions)
Lord Benyon (Crossbench)
Lord Chamberlain (HM Household)
(1 debate interactions)
David Davis (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Ian C. Lucas (Labour)
(1 debate interactions)
Lord Herbert of South Downs (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Stephen Doughty (Labour (Co-op))
Minister of State (Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office)
(1 debate interactions)
Steve Barclay (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Graham Stuart (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Jonathan Djanogly (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Baroness Laing of Elderslie (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Catherine McKinnell (Labour)
Minister of State (Education)
(1 debate interactions)
Brooks Newmark (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Simon Burns (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Lucy Powell (Labour (Co-op))
Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons
(1 debate interactions)
Lord Garnier (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Andrew Rosindell (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Mark Harper (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Jack Lopresti (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Robin Walker (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
John Stevenson (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Meg Hillier (Labour (Co-op))
(1 debate interactions)
Richard Shepherd (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Stephen Pound (Labour)
(1 debate interactions)
Stephen Hammond (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Dan Jarvis (Labour)
Minister of State (Home Office)
(1 debate interactions)
Mike Kane (Labour)
Parliamentary Under-Secretary (Department for Transport)
(1 debate interactions)
Yasmin Qureshi (Labour)
(1 debate interactions)
Mark Prisk (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Sarah Champion (Labour)
(1 debate interactions)
Kevin Barron (Labour)
(1 debate interactions)
David Anderson (Labour)
(1 debate interactions)
Lord Barker of Battle (Conservative)
(1 debate interactions)
Lord Field of Birkenhead (Crossbench)
(1 debate interactions)
Lord McCrea of Magherafelt and Cookstown (Democratic Unionist Party)
(1 debate interactions)