Age-related Tax Allowances

David Gauke Excerpts

Monday 9th September 2013 Westminster Hall

[Catherine McKinnell]

My hon. Friend makes a powerful point. The Office of Tax Simplification expressed surprise at the way in which the measure was introduced, and I shall go on to quote from the office as I set out the reasons why we do not support the Government’s policy.

It might be helpful to recap what has happened. Until the beginning of this tax year, individuals aged 65 or over were entitled to receive an additional age-related allowance, with a further addition for those aged 75 and over. Since 1977 and what was known as the Rooker-Wise amendment, all income tax allowances had been required to increase in line with the retail prices index, unless Parliament specifically determined otherwise.

As we are all aware, in Budget 2012, it was announced that from 2013-14—from this April—the availability of those age-related personal allowances for income tax would be restricted. The allowance for people aged 65 or over was frozen, as was the allowance of £10,660 for those aged 75 or over. Additionally, people turning 65 on or after 6 April 2013 were not entitled to any age-related allowances at all, meaning that the general personal allowance was all that applied to them.

On the basis of the speed with which the changes were introduced and our opposition to them, we tabled an amendment to this year’s Finance Bill that called on the Government properly to consider the impact of the changes to the personal allowance system on the group of people who are affected. We put that proposal forward at a time of overwhelming opposition to the changes. A whole body of evidence showed that the impact on pensioners would be hugely detrimental. As my hon. Friend pointed out, this came at the same time as a tax cut for those earning more than £1 million, who the Government were handing an average tax cut of £100,000.

The e-petition that has led to the debate is testament to the measure’s impact on pensioners and their level of concern about it. I commend Arthur Streatfield and his valiant efforts in obtaining 114,488 signatures, meaning that the debate could be secured.

My hon. Friend quoted Dot Gibson, the general secretary of the National Pensioners Convention, when she gave her backing to Arthur Streatfield’s e-petition, but it is worth repeating what she said:

“Since the Budget announcement...we have been inundated by pensioners like Arthur who are outraged that the Chancellor is giving a tax cut to those earning over £150,000 whilst pensioners on little more than £11,000 are having their tax allowance frozen. There has been a lot of nonsense about pensioners having been cushioned from the austerity measures, but they’ve already seen cuts to their winter fuel allowance, a reduction of their state pension increase because it’s now linked to the…Consumer Price Index rather than the Retail Price Index, rationing of care services in the community, closure of day care centres, changes to disability benefits and caps on housing support…The Chancellor’s decision to freeze the age related tax allowance is really the last straw for pensioners who feel they are being asked to pay for the mistakes of the bankers and politicians.”

The Opposition agree, which was why we voted against the changes during the passage of last year’s Finance Bill. It is absolutely the wrong priority at the wrong time, and in the current economic climate, the Government should be prioritising ordinary families, ordinary pensioners, the young and the long-term unemployed, not millionaires.

[The Exchequer Secretary to the Treasury (Mr David Gauke)]

For the sake of clarity, will the hon. Lady confirm whether the Opposition’s position is that, as a matter of principle, those under the age of 65 should have a lower personal allowance than those over the age of 65?

[Catherine McKinnell]

We are debating today the choices that the Government have made, the way in which this tax allowance change has been implemented, the speed at which it has been implemented, the lack of consultation, the lack of consideration and the lack of will from the Government to consider the impact on pensioners. That is what the focus of today’s debate must be, because it is about the current Government’s policies, the way in which they are being implemented and the impact that they are having on pensioners now. If the Minister would like to confirm that the Government have actually given some consideration to the impact on pensioners of the changes, that would be very helpful.

[Mr Gauke]

I hope to have the opportunity shortly to set out what the current Government have done for pensioners, but given that I did not hear a clear answer as to whether it is a matter of principle, can the hon. Lady confirm that the Labour party has no plans to reverse the abolition of age-related allowances?

[Catherine McKinnell]

Again, it would be helpful if the Minister could confirm for those taking part in the debate and for those following it—the many pensioners who have called for the debate and who want to know—what consideration the Government have given to their position and to the fact that pensioners are suffering a cost of living crisis. The Government seem to be taking no account of that.

--- Later in debate ---

[The Exchequer Secretary to the Treasury (Mr David Gauke)]

It is a great pleasure to serve under your chairmanship, Mr Hollobone, for, I think, the first time. I congratulate the hon. Member for Luton North (Kelvin Hopkins). He put his case with great eloquence and passion. I thank my hon. Friend the Member for Suffolk Coastal (Dr Coffey), who, as she says, represents a large number of pensioners in her constituency, including my uncle Norman. Hon. Members have had the opportunity to discuss these matters a number of times, as the hon. Member for Newcastle upon Tyne North (Catherine McKinnell) said. In fact, we last debated the topic during proceedings on the Finance Act 2013, not to mention the lengthy debates during proceedings on the Finance Act 2012. I am pleased to have another opportunity to explain the Government’s position.

As hon. Members are aware, a phased withdrawal of age-related allowances was legislated for through the Finance Act 2012, meaning that there would be no new recipients of such allowances from April 2013. The existing age-related allowances have since been kept at their 2012-13 levels, meaning that we have frozen the age-related allowances at £10,660 for individuals born before 6 April 1938 and £10,500 for individuals born over the following 10 years. Once the personal allowance aligns with those levels, there will be one personal allowance for everyone. I appreciate that there is opposition to the measure, but we believe that in the light of the other changes we have made, particularly those that relate to the basic state pension, those steps will help us achieve a fairer, simpler tax system.

The Government’s first priority for income tax has always been to increase the personal allowance, and the allowance has seen above-inflation increases in every year since we came to office. Given his earlier remarks, I am sure the hon. Member for Luton North supports that. In this financial year, the allowance rose by £1,305—the largest cash increase ever—and next year it will continue to rise by a further £560. Those steps mean that we will meet our target of increasing the personal allowance to £10,000 a year early, taking the number of taxpayers who have seen the benefit of our increases to 25 million. We remain committed to ensuring that personal allowances are set high enough that pensioners who are solely reliant on the basic state pension do not pay any tax. As such, half the people over 65 will not have to pay any income tax at all in this financial year.

[Kelvin Hopkins]

The point being made is that many pensioners do not pay tax because their incomes are simply too low.

[Mr Gauke]

In a moment I will turn to what we are doing with the basic state pension and the steps we have taken to ensure that it is rising more quickly than it otherwise would have.

My hon. Friend the Member for Suffolk Coastal touched on simplification. We want to make the tax system simpler and easier for people to understand, and the changes to age-related allowances are an important part of that. It is worth pointing out that we are not the only people to conclude that such allowances add unnecessary complications to the tax system. A 2009 report by the Public Accounts Committee commented:

“The age-related allowance rules are complex and hard for older people to understand and place too much emphasis on older people having to prove their eligibility, resulting in errors in claims and potential overpayments of tax.”

And, in March last year, the Office of Tax Simplification published its interim report on pensioner taxation, highlighting no fewer than nine complexities.

The taper feature is one of the main sources of complication in age-related allowances. It is worth setting out how it works, to demonstrate the degree of complexity in age-related allowances. The taper removes an individual’s age-related allowance where their income exceeds the aged income limit,—£26,100 in 2013-14—at a rate of £1 for every £2 over the limit. The age-related allowance is reduced up to the point at which the income tax allowance is exactly the same as the normal personal allowance. That taper creates a 30% effective rate of tax for individuals on modest incomes and, most importantly, brings hundreds of thousands of people into the self-assessment system when, in many cases, they would otherwise have no need to complete a tax return.

Our changes to age-related allowances will remove such complexity and confusion for older taxpayers. The simplification is not only of benefit to taxpayers; a simpler tax system is also easier for the Government to administer, enabling HMRC to focus on reducing the tax gap, which I know the hon. Member for Luton North cares about passionately.

[Mr George Howarth (Knowles) (Lab)]

I apologise, Mr Hollobone, for not being here at the commencement of the debate; I had inescapable commitments elsewhere in the House. May I press the Minister to respond to a point? The arguments he puts would be better received by those affected if they did not compare the changes to their tax allowances with the fact that those at the higher end of the income scale have received benefits that amount to about £100,000, as my hon. Friend the Member for Newcastle upon Tyne North (Catherine McKinnell) pointed out. That comparison is what makes the situation so objectionable.

--- Later in debate ---

[Mr Gauke]

If the right hon. Gentleman looks at the measures in the 2012 Budget, he will see that the amount raised from the wealthiest, in increased stamp duty on the most valuable properties and the cap on reliefs used by the wealthiest to reduce their income tax bills, raised far more money than the cost of reducing the 50p rate of income tax—a rate that the evidence suggested was not raising anything like the sums for which the previous Government hoped. There is a good reason why the Government in which he served for many years had a top rate of income tax of less than 50p: a top rate of 50p is not a terribly effective way of raising revenue. We must place this in the context of all the other measures that the Government are taking for pensioners. The overall tax system remains favourable to them, and there are measures that protect pensioner benefits, not least the triple lock for the increases in the basic state pension.

[Kate Hoey (Vauxhall) (Lab)]

I, too, apologise for not being here earlier, particularly to support my hon. Friend the Member for Luton North (Kelvin Hopkins) in his moving of the motion.

Does the Minister not agree that so many pensioners feel aggrieved about the change because having worked hard all their lives and saved for their retirement they now discover that they are getting absolutely no interest on their savings? Many of them have been living on their savings interest, and now they do not even have that—and will not for the next few years, it seems, if the Bank of England’s new independent director is right. Does the Minister not understand just how angry many pensioners are? They feel they have been let down.

[Mr Gauke]

The hon. Lady makes an important point about the difficulties faced by many of those who rely on their savings to support themselves. It is in all our interests that we have a strong and growing economy, and in the current economic climate it is right that we have low interest rates. We acknowledge that that creates difficulties, but the alternative—higher interest rates—would have significantly damaged the economy over recent years. Importantly, we have been able to bring in the triple lock, which has enabled us to increase the state pension at a faster rate than before and has included the largest-ever cash increase. That demonstrates the Government’s commitment to supporting pensioners wherever we can.

It is also worth re-emphasising that as a result of the decision to remove age-related allowances no one will pay more tax than before. Other factors, such as wage inflation and increases to the basic state pension, may, of course, affect tax liabilities, but no one will pay more tax from one year to the next because of the policy change alone. In fact, people over the age of 65 who pay no income tax at all—about half of all pensioners—are completely unaffected by the reform.

It is also worth reminding right hon. and hon. Members that, as the Chancellor announced in the Budget two years ago, the Government remain committed to exempting pensioners from national insurance contributions. There is a strong, principled case for that, because people have contributed throughout their working lives on the basis of a return, and I distinguish that argument from the one about personal allowances. I have debated this matter on a number of occasions and have never heard a strong case for those under the age of 65 having a lower personal allowance than those over that age.

[Kelvin Hopkins]

The Minister is doing his best to provide comforting words to pensioners but the reality, according to the Institute for Fiscal Studies, is that the average annual loss in the current year from all the tax credit and benefit changes since 2010 is £245 for a single pensioner and £470 for a pensioner couple. Those are substantial sums.

[Mr Gauke]

The hon. Gentleman refers to the Institute for Fiscal Studies, and it is worth remembering that last year the IFS concluded that pensioners are the group least affected by the Government’s tax and benefit changes.

I will run through some of those changes in a moment, but I want to come back to the point about how pensioners are taxed in comparison with those who are not pensioners, taking into account national insurance contributions. There is a good reason for the national insurance measure; I am not critical of it, and it is worth bearing in mind in the context of this debate.

Let me give an example of the burdens faced by pensioners compared with those faced by people of working age. Even under the freeze, a 69-year-old with an income of £16,000 in this financial year will still pay less than half as much tax and national insurance as someone aged 30 earning the same amount. A 69-year-old further up the income scale, earning £26,000 a year, still pays only 56% of the amount of tax and national insurance their working-age children pay. Someone born before 6 April 1948 earning £26,000 would have previously been eligible for age-related allowances but, following the withdrawal of the allowance, they will still see their total tax and national insurance bill reduced by 40% when they reach state pension age.

It is only right that we do not consider the changes to age-related allowances in isolation—I appreciate that I have made that point a number of times already this afternoon. Only about 40% of pensioners currently receive the age-related allowances but, by contrast, almost every pensioner in the UK—more than 11 million people—receives the basic state pension. Those 11 million pensioners have already benefited significantly from our decision to introduce the triple lock for the basic state pension, and they will continue to do so.

Last April, the basic state pension increased by the consumer prices index inflation rate of 5.2%, which represented the largest-ever cash increase in the basic state pension. This April, the triple lock guaranteed an increase of a further 2.5%, which was larger than the corresponding increases in inflation and average earnings. In contrast, under the previous Government’s plans, the basic state pension would have increased by only 2.8% last April and only 1.6% in the current fiscal year. In addition, we must not overlook the other benefits available to this age group, including winter fuel payments, free bus passes and prescriptions, and free TV licences for those over the age of 75. As I have said, the conclusion of the IFS is that pensioners are the group least affected by the tax and benefit changes implemented by the Government.

We are doing our best to protect this group of society, and to ensure that older generations can live with the dignity and respect they deserve. Taken as part of our wider policies on pensions, our changes to age-related allowances will reduce complexity while maintaining a more generous tax and national insurance regime for pensioners than for other groups. It is perhaps for those reasons that we hear none of the main parties advocating the return of age-related allowances, and I can confirm that the Government have no plans to reverse our policy in that area.