Economic and Taxation Policies: Jobs, Growth and Prosperity

Baroness Kramer Excerpts

Thursday 13th November 2025 Lords Chamber

[Baroness Kramer (LD)]

My Lords, the Budget is only days away. I believe that the noble Lord, Lord Liddle, may be the only person who can say that he is looking forward to it. Last week, the Chancellor made a paving speech which made it clear that huge tax rises are coming. Most of us expect to see higher income tax—that would be no surprise. However, we have none of the details, and that is where the devil lies, so this debate is in some ways only part of a prologue.

Although I congratulate the noble Lord, Lord Elliott, on obtaining this debate, it was rather curious that, in his litany of causes of the current economic condition in which we find ourselves, he overlooked mentioning Brexit, which was, in fact, the deepest blow by far. The Government finally have the guts to say that out loud, but they have not turned towards pushing for a customs union, which is the obvious cure. Using figures from Frontier Economics on the GDP uptick that would come, and from the Commons Library on tax yield, rejoining the customs union could be expected to provide an additional £25 billion a year in tax revenue to the UK Treasury. The economic benefit that arises from that change completely exceeds the impact of any proposal we have heard from any Bench today. That is important and we need to recognise it.

Meanwhile, I do not doubt the £22 billion legacy black hole that the Minister often talks about; it was echoed by the noble Viscount, Lord Chandos, the noble Lord, Lord Davies, and others. Public services are on their knees and the need to invest in infrastructure after years of neglect is surely a given. Perhaps most dangerously of all, people are feeling the cost of living pain, many to the point of breaking. Living standards matter.

Clearly, we need growth and productivity, and I was glad that the noble Baroness, Lady Fall, focused on scale-up in part of her discussion. However, I am expecting a horrible forecast from the OBR because although some monthly figures show productivity growth, it is off such a low base that the benefit is marginal. In that vein, I warn the Government against looking to small businesses to fill the Budget hole. This is exactly the sector that needs to be investing to get productivity going. We heard concerns about that from quite a number of speakers, including the noble Lords, Lord Leigh and Lord Kempsell.

The self-employed should not be targeted either. That includes small LLPs, which are often just two people and simply a variant on self-employment, with similarly precarious income, limited benefits and no employment protection.

It is important to recognise, particularly in this discussion on levels of economic inactivity—referred to by the noble Baroness, Lady Stedman-Scott, and the noble Lords, Lord Petitgas and Lord Skidelsky, most extensively—that, in today’s economy, this sector, the self-employed and small business sector, has the most promise to get disengaged people of working age either back into work or into work for the first time. We have to look to that and support that group.

Whatever the Government choose to do, they also need to calm the gilts markets. We are paying a significant premium, even over France with all of its woes. According to CBRE Investment Management, a 1% reduction in gilt yields reduces the UK’s borrowing levels by a cumulative £21 billion over five years. Part of that calming is achieved by creating credible fiscal headroom, which has not happened in previous Budgets. I say to the Minister that it will have to be a really important feature of the Budget.

In this situation, where are the greatest emergencies? My party has identified two. The first is the fragile state of the hospitality industry, mentioned by the noble Lord, Lord Risby. It is the backbone of so many high streets and communities. We call on the Government to slash VAT by 5% for pubs, restaurants and entertainment and accommodation venues with immediate effect and until April 2027. Ordinary folk looking for small pleasures will benefit too.

The other and perhaps even more urgent need is to provide relief to ordinary people by removing the main renewable levy from people’s energy bills, not discarding the funding for tackling climate change but replacing it with Treasury funding until April 2027, by which time a new renewables obligation scheme should have been developed and should be in place. This would slash a typical energy bill by £90 a year, bringing it to its lowest level since the energy crisis began in 2022. The two measures would cost through to April 2027 a total of £12 billion and save a typical family £270 over the next 18 months.

However, we in my party are responsible. The Government have scoffed in the past when we have argued for a windfall tax on the banks, which are still benefiting from high interest rates. The IPPR has proposed a scheme that targets the windfall interest payments received by commercial banks as a result of the QE-related reserves they hold at the Bank of England. The tax would expire when the base rate returns to 2% or when quantitative tightening concludes, anticipated to be after 2030. It could raise £30 billion in total between now and 2030. That is less than half of what is needed for the two proposals I have just outlined, which would cost £7.5 billion and £4.5 billion respectively.

In the past, I have proposed taxes that could raise significant money for the Exchequer in a way that is fair, increasing from 2% to 10% the digital services tax on global tech companies—who are, frankly, absolute masters at tax avoidance—and doubling the remote gaming duty on online gambling. Those two together would raise almost £3 billion a year.

I will return to my opening comments. Because of the scale of the issues we face, the biggest increase in tax revenue could come from renegotiating and rejoining a customs union with the EU. Frankly, the only pain that would be experienced would be a pain to the pride of the Brexiteers. We would all be benefiting in our pockets.

Cryptocurrencies: US Regulation

Baroness Kramer Excerpts

Wednesday 12th November 2025 Lords Chamber

[Lord Livermore (Lab)]

I am grateful to the noble Lord for his question and pay tribute to his considerable expertise in this matter. I agree with what he said. Crypto assets have the potential to play a significant role in the financial services sector, and the economy more broadly, including through greater transparency, efficiency and security. We are already seeing the benefits that stablecoin can provide in cross-border payments by reducing costs and improving efficiency. Unlocking the full potential for digital assets and blockchain technologies requires payments that interact with them directly, and stablecoins can play an important role in achieving that. It is therefore important for the UK to harness those opportunities and—I agree with him on this—to bring forward legislation, and we will do so.

[Baroness Kramer (LD)]

My Lords, my concern is about the geopolitics. Much of the UK’s trade today is conducted in offshore dollars, which sit beyond the reach of the US Government. As dollar stablecoin replaces traditional dollars, the US Government will get their hands on levers to pressure us and others by threatening to curtail access. Are the Government looking at the key issues of monetary sovereignty? The regulators clearly are not.

[Lord Livermore (Lab)]

I am grateful to the noble Baroness for her question. She is not correct to say that the regulators are not looking at that; of course they are taking it into account. She is absolutely right that the US is taking forward US-denominated stablecoin. It is very important that the UK does the same. The Government see stablecoin playing an important role in the diverse and competitive UK payments landscape. We hope that firms will see the advantages of being regulated as stablecoin issuers in the UK and will seek permissions under the new regime for that.

National Insurance: Partnerships

Baroness Kramer Excerpts

Monday 10th November 2025 Lords Chamber

[Lord Livermore (Lab)]

The Chancellor is entirely at liberty to set out what she wants to set out at any given point. As I said, there has much speculation ahead of the Budget. I am not going to comment on the Budget. We will do things in the usual way. She has asked the OBR to produce a new forecast for the Budget. She will take decisions based on that forecast and set them out at the forthcoming Budget.

[Baroness Kramer (LD)]

My Lords, will the Minister advise his colleagues that any new partnership NICs applied to LLPs will exclude small entities that genuinely are a variant on self-employed organisations, with similar risks, precarious income, limited benefits and lack of employment opportunity, and are, indeed, a very important path for a lot of people returning to employment or getting into employment for the first time?

[Lord Livermore (Lab)]

I am grateful to the noble Baroness for her question. I am not quite sure how many more ways I can say this: she is inviting me to comment on tax speculation, and I think I have made it clear that I am not going to do that.

Public and Private Sector Productivity Trends

Baroness Kramer Excerpts

Thursday 30th October 2025 Lords Chamber

[Lord Livermore (Lab)]

On the noble Lord’s first point, I am very aware of some issues around the data, and I believe the ONS has been reviewing it along the lines he suggests. On the Employment Rights Bill, he will know that labour supply is also a fundamental component of driving productivity, and that a more motivated and more secure workforce is a more productive workforce. I hope he will take that into account.

[Baroness Kramer (LD)]

My Lords, we hear this week that only 11% of UK SMEs say they use technology to a great extent to automate or streamline operations. Do the Government understand that the slow pace of adoption of new technology by SMEs—many of which have not even adopted first-generation technology—lies at the heart of our productivity problem, which is why it remains incomprehensible that the Government keep adding burdens on SMEs? I know the Minister cannot tell us what is in the Budget, but can he at least tell the House that he recognises the problem?

[Lord Livermore (Lab)]

Yes, I absolutely recognise the problem and I agree with 90% of what the noble Baroness said. The only part I disagreed with was when she criticised the Government. I agree: digital adoption and AI adoption will be central to solving the productivity problem. SMEs are vital to that. It is why digital adoption was a key part of our small business strategy. I hope we can work together on this important issue.

Rules on Duty-Free Goods

Baroness Kramer Excerpts

Wednesday 22nd October 2025 Lords Chamber

[Lord Livermore (Lab)]

I am grateful to the noble Baroness for her question and insight. I will say up front, as I have said before, that we are committed to implementing the Windsor Framework in good faith and to protecting the UK internal market. We will work constructively with all stakeholders—the EU, the Northern Ireland Executive, businesses, and political parties and civic society in Northern Ireland—to achieve that aim, taking into account the implementation deadlines. As the noble Baroness said, the Windsor Framework agreement secured substantial legally binding changes and flexibilities that do improve things. I hope that the EU reset will further improve things, and I therefore urge all noble Lords to support it.

[Baroness Kramer (LD)]

My Lords—

[Lord Grocott (Lab)]

My Lords—

[Captain of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms and Chief Whip (Lord Kennedy of Southwark) (Lab Co-op)]

We will hear from the Lib Dems next and then my noble friend Lord Grocott.

[Baroness Kramer (LD)]

My Lords, will the Government please start to renegotiate our entry into the customs union? It would eliminate the issues raised by the noble Baroness, Lady Hoey, and many others and increase prosperity for us. There is a very simple and direct set of answers.

[Lord Livermore (Lab)]

I am grateful to the noble Baroness for her question and I pay tribute to her consistency on this matter. We share many similarities in our observations and analysis of the impact of Brexit. She will know that we are engaged in the EU reset, which will achieve substantial benefits for growth in the UK and for British citizens travelling around the European Union. I urge her to support the reset.

GDP Per Capita

Baroness Kramer Excerpts

Monday 20th October 2025 Lords Chamber

[Baroness Kramer (LD)]

My Lords, the UK is the sixth-largest economy, measured by GDP. But, on the measure of GDP per capita, it is only the 18th largest. Our demographic profile, with a heavily aging population, is a key reason for this. This year, we expect to reach the scary benchmark of having more deaths than births. Of course, we need to upskill our population in advancing technology. Do the Government accept that we rely on net immigration to sustain the economy in the public sector and that there is no way out of that?

[Lord Livermore (Lab)]

I hear what the noble Baroness says. The OBR is currently considering the economic and fiscal impacts of the immigration White Paper published in May and will report back in its forecast in the autumn. Of course, she is right that we are in a global race for talent, with many countries seeking to improve the attractiveness of their immigration systems for highly talented individuals. The immigration White Paper announced that the Government will review the visa offer for highly talented individuals by expanding the high potential individual visa and reforming the global talent and innovator founder visas. We have also agreed that we will work towards an ambitious youth mobility scheme with the EU, creating maximum economic and cultural opportunities between the UK and the EU. Any scheme would give young Brits the opportunity to travel, to experience other cultures and to work and study abroad.

Stablecoin Ownership

Baroness Kramer Excerpts

Thursday 16th October 2025 Lords Chamber

[Lord Livermore (Lab)]

I am grateful to the noble Lord for his question. Before I answer him directly, perhaps I may also pay tribute to the Lord Speaker. He has been a friend to me since I first joined this House when he was an MP. I pay tribute to his outstanding service as Speaker of this House.

The noble Lord is correct to say that stablecoins have huge potential to play a significant role in both retail and wholesale payments. We are already seeing the benefits that stablecoin can provide in cross-border payments; for example, by reducing costs and improving efficiencies. He is absolutely right that it is important for the UK to harness these opportunities for the ongoing competitiveness of the UK financial services sector.

However, I do not think it is fair to say that the US is going any faster than the UK. Reading media coverage, we may conclude that, but the reality is that the US passed legislation for the regulation of stablecoin in the summer. US regulators will publish their regulatory rules in mid-2026, with a backstop date of January 2027 for the US regime to go live. In the UK, the Government published draft legislation in April, with final legislation due before the end of the year. Alongside this, the FCA is at an advanced stage in its consultation on the details of its regime, with a view to finalising its detailed rules and requirements in 2026. This will allow firms to be authorised and running in the UK regime by 2027.

[Baroness Kramer (LD)]

My Lords, let me join in paying tribute to the Lord Speaker. I do not know whether to congratulate him, or say it is with great regret that he is in a situation in which he needs to stand down. We have all appreciated his service so much. A great deal more will be said on future occasions.

Stablecoin is not just an issue of digital payments and the efficiency of the pipeline, although you might think that from listening to the conversation. The move towards a global rollout of dollar and renminbi stablecoins has huge implications for monetary sovereignty. A sterling stablecoin has implications for the gilt markets and, hence, the public finances. Does the Minister begin to understand my concern that neither the Government nor the regulators have a grip on this and are considering the issues only narrowly—frankly, at a snail’s pace; I am astonished at the comments that he made just now—which means that we risk acting too late to protect our own national interest?

[Lord Livermore (Lab)]

I do not accept what the noble Baroness says. There are, of course, financial stability and other considerations associated with stablecoin, but these need to be balanced against supporting innovation and ensuring the UK positions itself as a competitive global destination for digital assets. As I set out in my Answer to the original Question, I do not accept that the UK is in any way moving too slowly. The Government will bring forward final legislation to create a financial services regulatory regime for crypto assets this year, which will include issuing qualifying stablecoin in the UK. This will provide crypto asset firms the regulatory certainty needed to invest and help drive innovation in our financial services sector, and at the same time ensure that customers are protected from the worst harms when they make use of crypto asset services.

School Fees: VAT

Baroness Kramer Excerpts

Monday 13th October 2025 Lords Chamber

[Lord Livermore (Lab)]

I absolutely agree with my noble friend on that point. This is a necessary decision that will generate additional funding to help improve public services, including the Government’s commitments relating to education and young people. This Government are committed to breaking down barriers to opportunity and are determined to drive up standards in those schools serving the overwhelming majority of children in this country so that they may receive the opportunities they deserve.

[Baroness Kramer (LD)]

My Lords, one of our greatest concerns is that SEN pupils without an EHCP are forced from private schools that have the capacity to support them to state schools without the resources to do the same. Have the Government been tracking how many of those SEN pupils without an EHCP have moved, and are they looking at the impact on both children and schools, including school finances?

[Lord Livermore (Lab)]

I am grateful to the noble Baroness for her question. I know that this is an issue that she cares deeply about; we have had discussions on this point in the past. We recognise that the current SEN system is not delivering the outcomes that pupils and parents rightly expect and is placing unsustainable burdens upon schools, local authorities and taxpayers. The Government will set out the detail of our reform plans in the context of the wider schools strategy later this year. In terms of specific pupil movements, as I say, those movements are in line with the estimates that we set out at the time of the last Budget. Those estimates were assessed by the OBR and we remain confident in them. It is worth noting that so far this year 49 private schools have closed but 70 private schools have opened, and of those 70 private schools, 59 are special educational schools.

Making Tax Digital

Baroness Kramer Excerpts

Wednesday 17th September 2025 Lords Chamber

[Lord Livermore (Lab)]

I am grateful to my noble friend for his question. HMRC has taken a range of steps to ensure that the adoption costs of Making Tax Digital are kept to a minimum, including working with industry to ensure that there is free and low-cost software available where necessary. The use of Making Tax Digital should bring significant benefits by increasing accuracy, reducing the time it takes to complete tax returns, and therefore increasing productivity. The rollout of Making Tax Digital encourages taxpayers to adopt digital solutions. For example, of those businesses already using Making Tax Digital for VAT, one-third have used the software for other business processes. More broadly, the Government are actively promoting digital technology adoption for small businesses, which is key to unlocking productivity and growth, and helping firms reduce administrative burdens. In our small business plan, we accepted all 10 recommendations from the industry-led Digital Adoption Taskforce.

[Baroness Kramer (LD)]

My Lords, Making Tax Digital is not targeted at upskilling self-employed people and landlords; it is about cutting costs at HMRC. The requirements have led to a surge in calls to HMRC for guidance, but over half a million calls went unhandled in January, and the same in February, the last months for which I have numbers. How is this being handled, given that people who fail to comply face steep fines and penalties, and that when they rely on the internet they are at risk of being scammed?

[Lord Livermore (Lab)]

If I may, I disagree with the premise of the noble Baroness’s question. Making Tax Digital is about increasing productivity for businesses and helping HMRC close the tax gap, which I am sure the noble Baroness would agree should be a priority. There are clear benefits of Making Tax Digital, such as productivity gains to improve business operations, easier and faster tax returns by promoting digital record-keeping, and greater accuracy by reducing errors for tracking paper records. There is a substantial tax gap, and Making Tax Digital will reduce that by nearly £6 billion—some £4 billion for VAT and £1.95 billion for income tax. By doing that, and enabling HMRC to have the correct resources, it is able to direct resources where they are most needed, which addresses the point the noble Baroness was making.

Financial Services (Overseas Recognition Regime Designations) Regulations 2025

Baroness Kramer Excerpts

Wednesday 17th September 2025 Grand Committee

[The Financial Secretary to the Treasury (Lord Livermore) (Lab)]

My Lords, the regulations before the Committee today will help ensure the effective operation of overseas recognition regimes. Specifically, they provide the Treasury with the powers needed to ensure that designations of individual jurisdictions are assessed and implemented in a manner that is compatible with our existing regulatory regime.

I will briefly set out the context in which these regulations are being introduced. The UK’s historic strength in global financial markets is built upon its international openness and reach. Our ability to provide unilateral recognition where the regulatory framework in an overseas jurisdiction provides for similar outcomes to the UK’s is an important tool to support cross-border financial services. Recognition can provide a range of regulatory benefits. These include enabling overseas firms to provide services directly into the UK, aligning requirements on UK-authorised firms whether they are engaging with UK or overseas markets or counterparties and providing regulatory relief by removing duplicative requirements on cross-border business.

Other jurisdictions also maintain provisions that allow them to recognise overseas regulatory frameworks. For example, the European Union maintains equivalence regimes; the United States makes comparability determinations in respect of other jurisdictions; and Australia operates a system that allows it to judge foreign regulatory regimes as sufficiently equivalent. These provisions promote consistent regulatory standards, provide the foundation for long-term regulatory co-operation between jurisdictions and support financial stability.

The regulations today were first published in draft form to coincide with the Chancellor’s Mansion House speech in July, alongside a guidance document that outlines the principles and processes governing overseas recognition regimes and a memorandum of understanding signed by the financial services regulators. As noble Lords will be aware, overseas recognition regimes are a new approach through which the UK will recognise overseas jurisdictions’ financial services regulation and supervision. The regulations support the effective operation of these regimes, specifically in relation to the designation of individual jurisdictions. They will ensure that designations are assessed and implemented in a manner that is compatible with our existing regulatory regime and thereby safeguard financial stability, market integrity, consumer protection and competition.

I turn to how the regulations will work in practice. They have three main functions. The first is in relation to information and advice. The decision to designate an overseas jurisdiction is taken by Treasury Ministers on the basis of an assessment undertaken by officials with technical advice from our expert regulators and made by statutory instrument laid before Parliament. The regulations give the Treasury the power to request information and advice from the Bank of England, the Prudential Regulation Authority and the Financial Conduct Authority as part of the process of assessing and then designating an overseas jurisdiction. A memorandum of understanding is established between the Treasury and the UK financial services regulators in accordance with these regulations.

The second function relates to conditions. The regulations give the Treasury the power to impose conditions on the application of an overseas recognition regime designation. These conditions are specific changes to the effect of a designation, for example, limiting the effect to a given size of firm, so ensuring that we are able to support cross-border financial services while addressing any areas of risk. This change will help to maintain consistency with the regulatory and supervisory standards that we expect in our markets.

The third function is to make amendments to two existing overseas recognition regimes. The Government previously established two overseas recognition regimes covering insurance and short selling under the powers afforded by the Financial Services and Markets Act 2023. No new designations have been made under either of these two new regimes, meaning that, as yet, there has been no need to use the powers in the regulations we are introducing today. The amendments to these regimes are simply to make the definition of “overseas jurisdiction” consistent across all overseas recognition regimes, including those already introduced, ensuring that there is a single approach across financial services regulation that is easily understood by firms and our international partners.

These regulations are clearly defined and limited in scope. Their sole purpose is to provide the Treasury with the powers needed to ensure that designations of individual jurisdictions are assessed and implemented in a manner that is compatible with our existing regulatory regime. They will ensure that we can operate overseas recognition regimes effectively and thereby support the global competitiveness of the UK’s financial sector, facilitate cross-border financial services and provide a consistent approach across financial services legislation. I beg to move.

[Baroness Kramer (LD)]

My Lords, I fully understand that this statutory instrument updates the basis on which the UK grants equivalence to the financial law and market practice of overseas jurisdictions. The Treasury obviously needs the powers to designate, limit or revoke equivalence. I am rather bemused that the Treasury seems to need new powers to get advice and information from the relevant regulators, but so be it, if that has previously been omitted.

However, I have some sense of caution around all this. As I read the Treasury’s guidance document, it seemed very weighted to change the decision-making process away from looking at the appropriateness of rules and regulations in overseas jurisdictions through the lens of whether they could contribute to financial instability in the relationship generated in the UK and much more towards whether they are compatible with the Government’s policy outcomes.