Leasehold and Freehold Reform Bill

Lord Young of Cookham Excerpts

2nd reading
Wednesday 27th March 2024 Lords Chamber

[Lord Young of Cookham (Con)]

My Lords, it is a pleasure to follow the noble Lord, Lord Best. I agree with everything he said about the regulation of property agents and, were he minded to table an amendment to the Bill, I would like to add my name. I thank my noble friend for her readiness to consult colleagues throughout the passage of the Bill: I am sure this will facilitate its speedy work.

My speech is in two halves, the first focusing on the Bill and the second dealing with unfinished business with the Building Safety Act. The Government are well ahead in the first half but heading for a score draw by the end. I warmly welcome the Bill, building as it does on previous pieces of legislation, all progressively empowering leaseholders and moving away from a feudal system of tenure that exists nowhere else in the world. I will just touch on the more controversial measures on ground rents and marriage value. Having attended a meeting, with other noble Lords, with freeholders, it is absolutely certain that this is going to be challenged in the courts. I take comfort from what is on the face of the Bill, namely that my noble friend asserts that the Bill is compatible with the ECHR.

The consultation on ground rents closed on 17 January and the Cabinet Office guidance says Governments should

“publish responses within 12 weeks or provide an explanation as to why this is not possible”.

That runs out on 10 April, so will we have a response before Committee, hopefully rebutting rumours in last week’s Sunday Times? If the Bill becomes an Act, and a leaseholder declines to pay the historic rent demanded by a freeholder, citing this Bill, and is taken to court, as seems likely, will the Government stand behind that leaseholder and bear the costs?

On marriage value, many properties in London, from where most of the freehold objections have come, have been on 99-year leases for centuries. Each time the lease expired, the freeholder had all the marriage value—financial polygamy if ever I saw it.

There is one area where we are going make progress: I was relieved to hear what my noble friend said about forfeiture. A tenant can lose possession of a £500,000 flat for a debt of £351, with the landlord keeping the entire difference between the value of the property and the debt. Will my noble friend go a little further than she did in her opening speech and commit to a government amendment to abolish forfeiture and replace it with a more balanced response?

I share the disappointment of other noble Lords at the absence of progress on commonhold. In 2019, the House of Commons Select Committee, with a Conservative majority, urged the Government to ensure that

“commonhold becomes the primary model of ownership of flats in England and Wales”.

The noble Baroness, Lady Taylor, quoted Michael Gove’s statement, which is worth repeating:

“I don’t believe leasehold is fair in any way. It is an outdated feudal system that needs to go. And we need to move to a better system and to liberate people from it”.


But in the Bill, there is no progress whatever on these flats.

Turning to the Building Safety Act, I welcome the measures the Government have introduced to alleviate the problems of those living in flats requiring remediation following the tragedy of the Grenfell fire, but there is a significant gap, best illustrated by quoting the commitments the Government made at the outset. In his Statement in the other place on 10 January 2022, the Secretary of State said:

“We will take action to end the scandal and protect leaseholders”.


Later, he clarified what he meant:

“First, we will make sure that we provide leaseholders with statutory protection—that is what we aim to do and we will work with colleagues across the House to ensure that that statutory protection extends to all the work required to make buildings safe”.—[Official Report, Commons, 10/1/22; cols. 285-91.]


Note that that commitment extends to all building work, not just cladding, and there was no qualification of the word “leaseholders”.

This broad commitment was confirmed by a letter written to all noble Lords by my noble friend’s predecessor, my noble friend Lord Greenhalgh, on 20 January 2022. He wrote:

“The Secretary of State recently announced that leaseholders living in their homes should be protected from the costs of remediating historic building safety defects”—


not just cladding. However, the position now is that not all buildings are covered; not all building safety defects are covered; and, crucially, not all leaseholders are protected. In particular, it remains perverse that, while we debate a Bill to facilitate enfranchisement, the Government have deliberately chosen not to give protection to those that have enfranchised, while leaseholders who have not enfranchised continue to enjoy a better deal.

The two principal exclusions from the commitment given by the Secretary of State are leaseholders who live in buildings less than 11 metres tall; and other non-qualifying leaseholders, a category that does not exist in Wales, where remediation funding is available for all buildings and all leaseholders are protected. On buildings under 11 metres, the Government’s position seems to be that residents should be able to leave the building in the case of fire without expensive remediation. This position is at odds with that of the London Fire Brigade. This is its statement:

“With regards to the remediation of buildings, we strongly assert that all buildings with serious fire safety defects should be remediated regardless of height”.


Many of these flats are unsaleable and unmortgageable, the owners cannot afford to pay for remediation and, in the view of the fire brigade, they are unsafe. The department’s case-by-case approach is moving at a glacial pace, with no clear outcome even for cases that are audited by the department and deemed to require remediation.

Also excluded are leaseholders who own three or more residential properties. The perverse consequence of this is that you can own a manor in the Cotswolds, plus a villa in Italy on Lake Garda and a luxury penthouse in central London worth £1.5 million and qualify for protection. Yet if you and your partner own a small, terraced house and three small £100,000 buy-to-let apartments as part of your pension planning, only one of which has non-cladding fire safety defects, you will face bankruptcy. If we are to have exclusions, they should be value-based, not quantity-based.

Then there is the position of joint ownership. In many cases, landlords exceed the threshold of more than three UK properties only because they jointly own properties with their partner. I welcome the Government’s rather belated decision to consult on this. They issued a document last week, with consultation due to end next week. That is a very short time for consultation, but if it means that a fit-for-purpose amendment can be introduced in this Bill, then that could excuse it.

The LUHC Committee in the other place, with a government majority, rightly noted last year:

“Leaseholders are no more to blame for non-cladding defects than they are for faulty cladding on homes they bought in good faith. Buy-to-let landlords are no more to blame than other leaseholders for historic building safety defects, and landing them with potentially unaffordable bills will only slow down or prevent works to make buildings safe”.


That, of course, affects everybody in the block. At the moment, there are 4,092 buildings over 11 metres with unsafe cladding, but over half of those—2,077—have no remediation plans in place.

In short, the Building Safety Act created a two-tier system where leaseholders deemed qualifying will benefit from the protections, whereas those arbitrarily deemed non-qualifying have been left to fend for themselves, exposed to uncapped costs for non-cladding remediation. Those people took all available precautions when they bought and are in no way responsible for the defects that now need remediation. Without a truly comprehensive solution for all buildings of all heights and tenures, unfairness and uncertainty are set to perpetuate, not least because there is no deadline for remediation. My amendments to this Bill will seek to rectify those injustices and I hope the Government will listen.