United Kingdom: Business Competitiveness

Lord Bilimoria Excerpts

Tuesday 1st September 2026 Lords Chamber

[Lord Pitt-Watson (Lab)]

I absolutely do think that we should be backing business. I hope there is some assurance in the first speech that the Chancellor of the Exchequer made when he said that he was just as concerned about the cost of doing business as he was about the cost of living. This Government have done lots of things to generate competitiveness. One is fiscal credibility. Another is the trade deals. A third would be the industrial policy. Perhaps we are beginning to see in the things that businesspeople are saying that although there is some bad news—there is always some bad news—there is also good news. For example, earlier this year 46% of members of the British Chambers of Commerce expected to grow this year, relative to 35% last year. I could quote many business organisations and individuals who are essentially saying that Britain is on the up and a great place to invest.

[Lord Bilimoria (CB)]

My Lords, I speak as the chair of the International Chamber of Commerce UK. This country has been a magnet for inward investment over the years, yet over the last decade the number of foreign direct investment projects is at its lowest level for many years. I congratulate the Minister on his appointment, but will he acknowledge that a reason for this is the highest level of taxes that we have had in 80 years? That is eroding our competitiveness, our attractiveness as an investment destination and, most importantly, growth. Ireland next door reduced its corporation tax to half ours at 12.5%, has grown rapidly and is a magnet for inward investment.

[Lord Pitt-Watson (Lab)]

We would all like tax to be as low as possible and investment to be as great as possible. Britain is the number two destination for external investment, according to the PwC CEO survey; the United States is number one. Huge investment is taking place in this country—£360 billion in the areas that have been identified for our industrial policy. The chief executive of Lloyds Bank said it is a “phenomenal” place to invest. Although one needs to be careful about the enthusiasm of entrepreneurs from Silicon Valley, Jensen Huang of Nvidia said it is

“a great place to invest … You’re the envy of the world”.

Of course we want to have more investment, but equally we are seeing that growth is coming—in the last six months, the highest in the G7—and last year productivity was the best for 10 years if you take out the effect of the pandemic.

Spring Forecast Statement

Lord Bilimoria Excerpts

Tuesday 17th March 2026 Lords Chamber

[Lord Bilimoria (CB)]

What an excellent speech by the noble Lord, Lord St John of Bletso, the 22nd Baron St John of Bletso—a title that has existed for 460 years. I declare my interest: in the nearly 20 years that I have been privileged to be a Member here, my noble friend Lord St John—Anthony—has been my best friend in this House.

My noble friend entered this Chamber at 21 years old, as we have heard—the baby of the House—and he has been here for nearly 50 years. He has been a Lord in Waiting, he has phenomenal expertise in African affairs—in fact, he is the expert on Africa in this Chamber—and he has held positions such as vice-chair of the All-Party Parliamentary Group on Africa, as well as being a member of other committees on Zimbabwe and South Africa. I remember speaking in the tribute debate when Nelson Mandela passed away, and what a brilliant speech my noble friend made. He has had a very successful business career. After going to school at Bishops, the finest school in Cape Town, and the University of Cape Town, and then here at the London School of Economics, and then qualifying as a lawyer, he has brought that real-world international business experience to bear in this House. When I joined, the doorkeepers said, “Ah, there is our James Bond Lord”.

My noble friend is merely 68 years old. The average age of this House is 71. He has not even reached it. In my book, you are young until you are 60. He is middle-aged. Old age is from 80 onwards. It is so sad that the hereditary Peers are leaving the House in the way that they are, and there is no better shining example of their dedication, commitment and contribution than Anthony—my noble friend Lord St John of Bletso.

My noble friend is cheerful, energetic, charming, gracious and active, and has friends in every corner of this House. I have never heard a bad word said about him, and everyone loves him, Peers and staff alike. Although my noble friend is retiring, we look forward to seeing him back in the House regularly. I say “Farewell, my dear friend—and I mean fare well”.

[Noble Lords]

Hear, hear!

[Lord Bilimoria (CB)]

The Statement on 3 March focused primarily on presenting the latest OBR forecasts, rather than announcing new policy measures. It forecast growth of about 1.1%, which is very low. It forecast inflation to fall from 3.4% to 2.3% this year. It forecast unemployment to rise to 5.3%, and net migration—which reached a peak of nearly 1 million just recently—to average just 235,000 between 2026 and 2030. But, as the noble Baroness, Lady Neville-Rolfe, brought to our notice, the forecast was prepared before the escalation of the conflict in the Middle East and is already completely out of date.

The OBR warned that the wider fiscal context remains difficult. It noted that UK public sector debt as a share of GDP has nearly tripled over the past two decades—it is now close to double the advanced economy average on a comparable basis—and borrowing has remained very high. The Chancellor referred to the growing uncertainty generated by the events in the Middle East, arguing that, in times of international volatility, the Government should prioritise economic stability, infrastructure investment and resilience to external shocks.

However, Reuters has reported that economists expect instability. Investors argue that global geopolitical tensions and surges in energy prices are going to have a dramatic effect on the state of the UK economy. Business groups have said that higher taxes and rising operating costs have discouraged firms from hiring. Financial markets have reacted cautiously: government bond yields have continued to rise and investors fear that sustained increases in gas prices could prevent the Bank of England cutting interest rates this year. In addition, motoring groups are calling on the Government to reverse their planned end to the freezing of the fuel duty in September, because of rising oil prices. Ten-year gilt yields have risen to over 4.5%. On top of this, we have nearly 1 million people—the NEETs—not in education, employment nor training.

I chair the International Chamber of Commerce in the UK. The British Chambers of Commerce has called for more decisive policy action to stimulate investment and growth. I was president of the Confederation of British Industry. The CBI has said that the Government still need to do more to reduce the cost of doing business, including tackling delays in planning consents, skills approvals, grid connections and access to innovation.

As my noble friend Lord St John mentioned, to shut down at this time oil and gas supplies that are sitting there and belong to us when we need them desperately—surely the Minister agrees that we need them more than ever. This is a transition, as my noble friend said, to net zero. We need to live that transition; it is not an on/off switch.

The welfare bill is now well over £300 billion. The national health and social care bill is approaching £200 billion. Our debt to GDP ratio is 100% of GDP—almost. After the Second World War, it had gone up to 250%. It took from 1945 to 1963 to bring it down to 100%, which is where we are back up to now.

Then we have a situation where 9 million people of working age are not working. We have a record number of people signed off sick, with doctors signing patients off without even doing assessments. Does the Minister agree that we need to do something to encourage people back to work?

Then there is the sad impression of London, which really annoys me when I travel abroad, where people say, “Oh, the crime in London, people have their watches stolen, their mobile phones stolen; we do not feel safe in London any more”. That is wrong. This is the greatest of the world’s great cities and people should feel safe over here.

We are splurging more on interest than on defence and policing combined. We pay a higher risk premium than Germany, Holland, Spain, Sweden, Ireland, Belgium and other countries. We had austerity after the financial crisis in 2010. That did not work. Rishi Sunak then spent over £400 billion when he was Chancellor during Covid. On top of that, we have this huge pensions commitment where public sector pensions alone are £1.4 trillion.

We all agree that we have one of the most generous welfare states in the world, but that is meant to be a safety net. The Chancellor now seems to recognise that the increase in minimum wages has harmed prospects for young people. I am all for people being paid more, but can businesses afford it, including the hospitality sector? Employers are still burdened with additional costs through increased taxes and more regulation, including employers’ national insurance, and we need to bring spending under control.

We need to focus on nuclear. We need to look at small modular reactors. We need to look at fusion on top of renewables. As the noble Lord, Lord St John, said, we need to look also at the threat and opportunity of AI and focus on skills, with industry and education working together. The reality is that lower net migration in economic terms will pose a medium-term risk to public finances, especially with the conflict going on around the world. We need an industrial strategy that will address what is going on.

I conclude. We have really high borrowing costs. We have a war going on in Iran. Oil is hitting over $100 a barrel and is forecast to go even higher. We have inflation that is not going to go down but is going up. We have had many inflationary spikes in the past five years and there is also the threat of a wage-price spiral. We need an economy that grows, but sadly the last growth figures were flat—the last quarter was 0.01%. We have the highest tax burden, 37%, since the Second World War and a cost of living crisis. This really hurts me because this country has such phenomenal strengths, institutional strengths and entrepreneurship—we have the third-highest number of unicorns, billion-dollar companies, in the world. We have the best universities in the world. We deserve better. Please, I implore the Government. There have been 15 U-turns—I say that the Government are listening when they U-turn. Would it not be better if they listened first, then they would not have to U-turn?

Autumn Budget 2025

Lord Bilimoria Excerpts

Thursday 4th December 2025 Lords Chamber

[Lord Bilimoria (CB)]

My Lords, I received a wonderful birthday present on 26 November: the Budget, with taxes going up by £26.6 billion on top of the £40 billion that we had last year, leading to 38% of GDP, the highest level that we have known. The UK economy growth rate has averaged 1.5% since 2024. Inflation, which was 1.7% in September 2024, is now 3.8%.

I was president of the CBI, and our chief executive, Rain Newton-Smith, said the Chancellor’s

“scattergun approach to tax risks leaving the economy stuck in neutral”.

The good news is the Government have listened to this House on the Employment Rights Bill, and they have said that they will have a six-month period as opposed to day one, which is not as good as two years, but at least the Government have listened.

There is greater complexity. Deloitte noted 88 new tax measures and the IoD did a survey of business leaders which found that 80% feel negatively about the Autumn Budget, up from 67% after the 2024 Budget. I am a trustee of Policy Exchange, which described it as a “transition Budget”. Then there was a surprisingly positive article from Ambrose Evans-Pritchard in the Telegraph:

“In defence of Reeves, the future is not that scary”.


He said:

“Public investment has averaged 1.6pc of GDP since the late 1970s against 3pc or so for our peers and 4pc or more for stellar outperformers … Labour is raising it even more to 2.6pc of GDP”.


We need that investment desperately. He also said:

“Productivity is about to soar in advanced companies open to Al diffusion. The UK has the world’s third largest AI industry by a wide margin and is the data centre capital of Europe”.


We are a very innovative country; the WIPO Global Innovation Index places us sixth in the world. The IMF says that AI could boost productivity by 1.5% a year if fully adopted, and the French Artificial Intelligence Commission says that AI is not just an incremental efficiency gain in how we do things; it vaults to another level. Does the Minister agree?

I am chair of the International Chamber of Commerce UK, the ICC being the largest business organisation in the world, with 45 million businesses. There was no mention whatever of trade in this Budget, and that is surprising, because trade amounts to 60% of the UK economy. We can invest in digital public infrastructure, and we should invest in digital trade, because companies doing that cut costs by 80% and improve productivity by 60%. I have just returned from speaking at the B20 in Johannesburg, before the G20. I was a co-chair of the digital task force, and we have managed to persuade the G20 Governments to invest in public digital infrastructure.

UKHospitality made the following point:

“Many parliamentarians understood from the Chancellor’s statement that the Budget would ease pressure on high street businesses”.


However, will the Minister acknowledge the reality that when the relief falls away, there is a huge increase in the rates? The BBPA—I am the founder of Cobra beer—says that

“both small and medium-sized pubs will see substantial increases in their rates bills, driven by higher RVs being applied to only slightly lower multipliers”.

Does the Minister agree that many pubs are facing increased bills?

In conclusion, Brent Hoberman, my friend from Founders Forum, has said:

“The Chancellor promised to listen to UK entrepreneurs. And yesterday’s budget was a first step towards delivering on this promise”.


Whether it is the EMI scheme reform, scale-up finance, tax relief for companies listing in the UK, it is really good news that the Government are listening. There is no exit tax, as was mentioned. The British Business Bank will deploy £5 billion in growth-stage funds and there are listings reforms with stamp duty relief. This is fantastic, and there is going to be a review for what more can be done for entrepreneurs. I am so glad the Government want to talk and listen to us, because we are ready to help. These are steps in the right direction. As Brent Hoberman put it,

“we need to think bigger, bolder, and longer-term, backing our most ambitious entrepreneurs to drive economic growth”.

Economic and Taxation Policies: Jobs, Growth and Prosperity

Lord Bilimoria Excerpts

Thursday 13th November 2025 Lords Chamber

[Lord Bilimoria (CB)]

My Lords, the Government have spoken about growth as their priority from day one and, to be fair, they are doing a few good things. They have carried on the Help to Grow: Management programme, which was started by the previous Government. Some 10,000 businesses have already gone through the programme; 12,000 are enrolled on it and it is delivered by 60 business schools around the country, and I am proud to be patron of the Small Business Charter, which I took over from my late friend, Lord David Young. It is a 12-week mini-MBA—just the right thing to be doing.

The noble Baroness, Lady O’Grady, spoke about small modular nuclear reactors. When I was president of the CBI in 2020-22, I was like a stuck record saying, “Let’s build these, let’s build these”. Finally, now, five years later, we are starting to build them. In entrepreneurship, it is problem, solution, action—but quickly. I am glad the Government are finally doing that.

On the priority of research and development and innovation, we spend 1.7% of GDP; America spends over 3%. We need to increase expenditure on R&D and innovation. I am chair of the International Chamber of Commerce UK; the ICC is the largest business organisation in the world, with 45 million members. We have promoted digital trade, which I am glad to see the Government have taken as part of their industrial strategy. The UK now stands at a crossroads. Outdated paper-based systems are stifling growth. The UK can be a leader; our trade represents £1 trillion of the UK economy. Does the Minister agree that implementing digital trade would see benefits such as £25 billion in trade growth, £224 billion in efficiency savings, 35% efficiency gains for SMEs, £22 billion in SME working capital unlocked, trade transaction times cut from two months to one hour, an 80% reduction in trade transaction costs, shipping costs reduced by 18% and workforce productivity increased by 60%? I thank the noble Lord, Lord Elliott, for initiating this debate.

The Government talk about growth, yet so many of the measures they have implemented are anything but helping growth. They are hampering growth, whether this is through the rise in employers’ NI, inheritance tax on farmers and family businesses, VAT on private schools and removing business rates exemptions for private schools, or VAT reclaim for tourists, which was taken away by the previous Government. Should the Government not bring back that relief? Then we would have more tourists spending money on goods as well as on staying here and on restaurants.

Due to the non-dom regime change, over 10,000 people already have left, including many people I know. They pay £8 billion of taxes, employ people, invest, and conduct philanthropy in this country. We will lose all of that, because money walks. Now there is talk of the £30 billion hole to be filled and of more taxes going up in the Budget—which, sadly, is on my birthday.

We have 1 million NEETs in this country—young people who do not work—and we have 9 million people of working age who do not work. We need to get these people back to work.

I co-chair the All-Party Parliamentary Group for International Students. Will the Minister confirm the talk that a levy on international students is going to be introduced in the Budget and that the two-year post-graduation work visa is going to be reduced to 18 months? These international students bring in £42 billion to the economy. We treat them as immigrants. Should they not be taken out of the net migration figures?

There is a fear of immigration. Bad immigration is bad for this country, but good immigration is great for this country. Without the 16% of ethnic minorities, this country would not be the sixth-largest economy in the world.

I was part of the PM’s delegation to India last month—it was fantastic. I spoke in the Finance Minister of India’s conference, the annual Kautilya Economic Conclave, the title of which was “Seeking Prosperity in Turbulent Times”. India is growing at 6.5% a year, with a target of 8%. In our latest figures, released today, we have grown at 0.1%—a flatlining economy. We have a debt to GDP of 100%; high debt servicing costs; the highest tax burden in over 70 years; high government expenditure; unemployment of 5%; inflation almost double the target at 3.8%; and defence expenditure that needs to go up to 3%. We need a plan—we need to be bold.

I conclude with this. In June, I visited Argentina and met President Milei and his whole team. He has a very clear plan of bringing down expenditure and inflation. Every single Minister we met sang from the same hymn sheet. This Government need a plan; they need to be bold. Then we can get growth.

UK-US Trade and Tariffs

Lord Bilimoria Excerpts

Thursday 3rd April 2025 Lords Chamber

[Baroness Gustafsson (Lab)]

I thank my noble friend for that comment, and I agree that the best decisions are often made with cool heads. Sometimes it can be challenging to maintain that cool head, but I think that as a Government we have done well to make sure we navigate that on a calm and pragmatic basis. There is so much uncertainty, and I can feel the desire for clarity in this uncertain world. I feel that the request for input from business is a good way of crystallising some of that clarity, as we understand the impact and possible opportunities for next steps.

But have no fear: although the deadline for that conversation or dialogue is 1 May regarding the request for input, there is continuous and ongoing engagement with our US counterparts about how we draw together an agreement. If such an agreement were to come into place, we have not put any artificial deadline on when that should or should not happen—and nor should we, because it would put the negotiations under undue strain. I am pleased and encouraged that the conversation and dialogue are happening regularly, that they are well received on both sides and that access is able to happen.

So I agree—I hear the need for an informed decision about such responses. A debate on any response, as and when that comes to a position where it is more formed, is absolutely where we can provide some real value, and that would be a worthy place.

[Lord Bilimoria (CB)]

I congratulate the Minister on her appointment. This is our first interaction. We served on the GREAT campaign advisory council for many years until her ministerial appointment. I am reassured to hear that the Government want to be cool, calm and collected. I am also reassured that the Government are doing their best to try to get a deal with the United States of America. Donald Trump likes deals, so let us try to get one with President Trump.

However, although the United States has £300 billion-plus of trade with the UK, we have £126 billion in services exports to the US—a huge services surplus that nobody talks about—which is not applicable for these tariffs. We should make the most of that strength. Even in goods, we have a small surplus. But the United States is only 13% of the world’s trade. Surely we should work with the other 87% of countries around the world to make sure that we continue with the rules-based multilateral trading system.

Secondly, the Minister mentioned growth, and I will raise one of the best ways to generate growth. I am chair of the International Chamber of Commerce here, ICC UK. The ICC is the largest business organisation in the world, with 45 million members. Before these tariffs were announced, we laid out a plan for growth that could unlock £25 billion in trade growth. By digitising trade, we can take what takes three months on a paper-based trade down to one hour. Why do we not, as leaders, champion digital trade around the world and take a leadership role in these turbulent times?

[Lord in Waiting/Government Whip (Lord Leong) (Lab)]

Before my noble friend answers the noble Lord’s question, I urge all noble Lords to keep their remarks brief and put questions to the Minister rather than making this Statement an occasion for wider debate. This will allow all noble Lords who wish to receive answers to their questions to do so.

Spring Statement

Lord Bilimoria Excerpts

Thursday 27th March 2025 Lords Chamber

[Lord Livermore (Lab)]

I am grateful to my noble friend for highlighting a very important point. The Governor of the Bank of England, in his speech last week, highlighted the link between productivity growth and living standards, so we know how important it is to increase productivity. Public sector productivity is one of the few issues that the noble Baroness, Lady Neville-Rolfe, and I agree on: I know that she, too, is focused on increasing public sector productivity. The difficulty is that the previous Government spoke about it but never took any measures to do anything about it. Yesterday, the Chancellor announced a £3.25 billion transformation fund to increase the productivity in our public sector, so that we can spend more money on the front line and get money in public services where it is needed. In terms of the private sector, in answer to my noble friend’s question, the thing I would point to most in yesterday’s Statement, is the importance of capital spending. We know that continual cuts to capital spending, under the previous Government, seriously restricted our productivity growth. The IMF consistently said to us that lack of public sector investment was a serious barrier to growth in our economy, because it is a serious barrier to productivity. Protecting, yesterday, £100 billion of capital spending, that we put in the Budget, is a central point for getting productivity up in our economy. The other thing I would point to is skills investment; we know that we need the higher-skilled workforce in order to do the construction work we are setting out.

[Lord Bilimoria (CB)]

My Lords, would the Minister agree that neither the Autumn Budget nor the Spring Statement mentioned trade at all? I have been appointed as the chair of the International Chamber of Commerce—the ICC UK—and we have just unveiled that we could unlock £25 billion in trade growth, £224 billion in efficiency savings and £22 billion in SME working capital by digitising trade and cutting transaction times, from two to three months to one hour, and reducing trade transaction costs by 80%. So why do the Government not run with this, full steam? With the trade and tariff wars emanating from the United States of America in full flow, digitising trade is the way ahead; modernising trade is the way ahead.

[Lord Livermore (Lab)]

The noble Lord is quite right to focus on trade and the importance of trade to growth. I think he is wrong to say that neither the Budget nor the Spring Statement mentioned trade; I think both did, because clearly trade is a big part of our growth strategy. We want to increase our trade flows with our nearest neighbours and biggest trading partner, the European Union, through our reset of our relationship with the EU. The Chancellor has been to visit China, the third largest economy in the world, which I think the previous Government had not engaged with it at all since 2019. We are engaged in trade negotiations with India and the GCC, and we have just acceded to the CPTPP, so trade is absolutely at the heart of it. Of course, many of the conversations already have revolved around our trading relationship with the United States, which again is a very incredibly important trading relationship to us. On digitising and streamlining trade, he is absolutely right. The Government have an agenda in that respect, but it is very expensive and we need to move ahead when fiscal conditions allow.

Small Farms and Family Businesses

Lord Bilimoria Excerpts

Thursday 12th December 2024 Lords Chamber

[Lord Bilimoria (CB)]

My Lords, the Government’s Budget proposals talk about addressing the £22 billion fiscal gap, but, as a result, they are undermining the viability of our family-run farms, disrupting food security and having a long-lasting effect on our rural communities. I refer to the reform of agricultural property relief, or APR, and business property relief, or BPR. This will, in effect, lead to 20% tax over a value of £1 million, on top of a national living wage increase of 6.7%, which will raise labour costs for farmers, as well as the phasing out of direct payments.

I think that many farmers will regret voting for Brexit, as many of them did, and losing so many subsidies as a result, which have not been replaced by Governments since then. On top of that, there are food security concerns and the combined effects of rising costs, land consolidation and a reduction of direct payments, all destabilising food production. The UK’s reliance on food imports increases the risk of food insecurity, with the global supply chain disruptors.

I thank the noble Earl, Lord Leicester, for initiating this debate. As has been said before, we produce 60% of our food for consumption but we rely on imports for nearly half of it. However, domestic food production is vulnerable to many factors: climate change; the prices offered by purchasers; high energy costs—in the UK we have some of the highest energy costs in the world; the international supply chain—we saw fertiliser costs shooting up after the Ukraine war started, for example; labour shortages; biodiversity and water quality; and biosecurity and animal health.

The Government say that 73% of APR claims come from estates with qualifying assets worth less than £1 million. But the National Farmers’ Union says that 75% of farmers are affected. Will the Minister clarify why there is a huge difference between what the NFU thinks and what the Government think? They say that the agricultural property relief addresses a loophole, but Alistair Carmichael, chair of the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Committee, said:

“Agricultural property relief is not a loophole; it has been a deliberate policy of successive Governments for the past 40 years, designed to avoid the sale and break-up of family farms … These changes will have a ripple effect across the whole rural community.””.—[Official Report, Commons, 4/11/24; col. 24.]


The NFU has said why it feels that the Government’s assumptions are flawed. It says that there is a failure to adjust for inflation, an unfair inclusion of non-commercial holdings and an underestimation of the tax burden of APR and BPR combined. Does the Minister agree? Further, on the economic impact on working farms, the NFU says that there are unsustainable tax liabilities. It says: “Medium-sized firms will face annual inheritance tax instalments that far exceed their profits”. Of course, it is a fact that farming is asset-rich and cash-poor. On top of that, NFU analysis shows that the £1 million threshold means that cereal farms will see their returns entirely wiped out by their tax liabilities. Dairy farms will lose approximately 50% of their returns to inheritance tax. On top of that, there will be implications for food security, the undermining of domestic food production, the disincentivising of long-term investment and a contraction in available farmland.

I do not know who is advising this Government. When I was president of the CBI, Keir Starmer and Rachel Reeves had good intentions but, since coming into government, they have upset pensioners, farmers and family businesses. They have upset the business community with a £40 billion tax rise and a £25 billion national insurance rise. They have upset employers with regulations that will make us less competitive, at a cost of £5 billion. The Government rightly want economic growth, but how can we have economic growth if we kill the goose that lays the golden egg?

This country’s farmers are precious; they are the backbone of our country. We need to appreciate our farmers and always be grateful for our farming community.

Autumn Budget 2024

Lord Bilimoria Excerpts

Monday 11th November 2024 Lords Chamber

[Lord Bilimoria (CB)]

My Lords, the Government, the Chancellor and the Prime Minister keep talking about growth, but to do that the private sector has to be supported to grow. It is the private sector that creates the jobs that pay for the taxes that pay for the public services—no growth means no taxes, and if you put up taxes by £40 billion then you get no growth. That is the paradox.

Tax on employment generates £455 billion, which is 45% of total public sector receipts, but high employment taxes can discourage firms from hiring. On top of that, I am sorry to say that the previous Government are to be blamed for raising taxes to their highest level in 70 years. I implored Rishi Sunak, when he was Chancellor and I was president of the CBI, “Don’t put up taxes”. What did he do when he became Prime Minister? He put corporation tax up from 19% to 25%.

Higher taxation is associated with reduced labour supply. Studies show that a 1% rise in tax correlates to a 0.5% drop in hours worked, and studies indicate that higher labour taxes increase unemployment levels. The Labour Party has promised no increases in certain taxes. That is all very well, but, for example, removing the non-dom regime is going to have a hugely detrimental effect. Those 75,000 people pay £9 billion of tax a year; they invest and spend in this country; they are mobile, and that money will fly. What about IR35? There was no mention of that. Maybe the Minister could say why not.

GDP per person in the second quarter of 2024 was 0.6% lower than before the pandemic. Public sector net debt is now almost 100% of GDP. That is four percentage points higher than a year ago and at a level last seen in the early 1960s. According to the IFS, as a share of GDP, the rise in taxation by the end of the decade will be the second largest of any post-war fiscal event. The tax take is forecast to increase to a peacetime record of 38% of GDP.

The removal of inheritance tax relief in terms of a 20% tax for business and agricultural property, AIM shares and pensions is so harmful, particularly for farmers. I do not think that has been thought through. Some 70% of farmers will be hit by it. Will they be able to sell their land to be able to pay the tax? If they are tenants and do not own the land, they cannot even do that. How do you value businesses? How do you sell? This is going to be a disastrous move.

As for VAT on private schools, with £1.3 billion forecast to be raised, in the debates we have had previously we have demonstrated that it will probably cost the Government £1.6 billion, with a higher burden on the state sector and a drop in the number of international boarders. This is a penny-wise and pound-foolish move.

Total public spending is forecast to settle at 44.5% of GDP by the end of the decade. That is almost five percentage points higher than before the pandemic. This is not good news, although the Government are doing the right thing with the blood scandal and the Post Office Horizon scandal.

The OBR has forecast that real household disposable income per person will grow at just over 0.5% a year on average for the next five years. That is the joint lowest on record.

According to an article in the Telegraph today, for many businesses the biggest shock was not the rate increase but a near halving of the threshold at which they have to start paying national insurance, from £9,100 to £5,000. The hospitality industry has warned that this change will cost over £1 billion. Taken together, the changes mean that a company employing a part-time worker doing 15 hours a week will see its national insurance contribution bill increase by 73%. That is ridiculously high. Kate Nicholls, the chief executive of UKHospitality, describes this increase in costs as “eye-watering” and warns that it disproportionately hits companies in her sector given that many employ part-time staff in roles such as waiting and bartending.

Whenever you get a significant cost increase, what do you do as a business? You can put up your prices, reduce your costs or stop investing. The OBR has warned that all the measures in this Budget will lead to low growth. The highest forecast is 2%; most are just over 1%. Inflation is going to go up. Businesses are bearing the brunt of the £40 billion tax increase, and relief on business rates is going down from 75% to 40%. How are pubs and restaurants going to manage? How is the high street going to manage? On top of this, we have the £5 billion costs and the impact of employment regulation. We have one of the most flexible labour markets in the world. That is a huge advantage now being eroded.

After 16 years of financial crisis, austerity, Brexit, the pandemic, the Ukraine war, inflation at 11%, energy inflation, the cost of living crisis, 7 October, the tragedy after that and the uncertainty every way that you look, how much more can business deal with? How resilient can our businesses be? This is not a pro-business Budget or a pro-entrepreneurship Budget. It is government’s job to be a catalyst and create the environment for businesses and entrepreneurship to flourish and grow. I am sorry, but this Budget does exactly the opposite. I am afraid to say that I warn the Government that this Budget is going to come back like a boomerang and bite us.

Employment: Tax Policy

Lord Bilimoria Excerpts

Thursday 31st October 2024 Grand Committee

[Lord Bilimoria (CB)]

My Lords, the Government, the Chancellor and the Prime Minister keep talking about growth. The investment summit at the Guildhall had a huge sign saying “Growth”. But, to do that, the private sector has to be supported to grow. It is private sector growth that creates the jobs that pay for the taxes that pay for public services—no growth; no taxes. If you put up taxes, you get no growth. That is the paradox.

I thank the noble Lord, Lord Leigh, for his excellent opening speech. Taxes on employment generate £454.8 billion. That accounts for 45% of total public sector receipts. It is huge. Employment tax revenues represent almost 17% of UK GDP. For a married worker with two children earning an average salary, the UK has a tax wedge of 27%, above the OECD average of 25.7%. Higher employment taxes can discourage firms from hiring, reduce wages and affect workers’ decisions to enter the workforce or seek higher-paid jobs. Corporate and consumption taxes also influence that. Employment corporate taxes can deter investments in jobs. I am sorry but the previous Government have to be blamed for raising taxes to their highest level in 70 years and, in particular, putting up corporation tax from 19% to 25%. That was a huge mistake and should not have been done.

Consumption taxes create a wedge affecting labour, demand and supply. Higher taxation is associated with reduced labour supply, and studies show that a 1% rise in tax correlates to a 0.5% drop in hours worked. Of the 17 OECD studies, only five found no significant negative impact of taxes on unemployment. The remaining studies indicate that higher labour taxes increase unemployment levels. A 10% reduction in the tax wedge could lower equilibrium unemployment by 2.8% and raise the employment rate by 3.7%. That is what we are talking about. The fiscal drag that the previous Government put in place until 2028 is also hugely damaging, affecting 7 million tax payers.

The Labour Party has promised to maintain corporation tax at 25% and not raise income tax, employees’ NI or VAT. That is all great, but the noble Lord, Lord Leigh, mentioned the hugely damaging effect of the taxes on non-doms and the removal of the non-dom regime. Inheritance tax reforms will drive investment away from this country. I know many people who have already left. Some 75,000 non-doms pay £9 billion of tax; they spend and invest in this country. Those people are mobile and that money will fly.

The increase of capital gains tax from 20% to 24% was not as bad as we thought, but the elephant in the room is the £40 billion of tax increases. The OBR warned that this could weaken long-term growth in the UK economy. Sure enough, the forecasts for growth do not even reach 2% in the years ahead, at about 1.5% or 1.6%. Increasing national insurance by 1.2% to 15%, raising approximately £25 billion, is a tax on jobs. I agree with the noble Lord, Lord Davies, that if you spend more and increase infrastructure then that should help productivity, but our public spending will reach 44% of GDP by the end of the decade, funded by tax and borrowing. Businesses are bearing the brunt of this £40 billion tax increase. The threshold of NI going down from £9,100 to £5,000 will bring many more people in as well. The business rates discount put in place by the previous Government of 75%, which has really helped, is going down to 40%. How many pubs and restaurants and how much of the high street will be able to take that?

On top of that, we have a £5 billion cost on the impact of employment regulation, and we have flexible employment, which is a huge advantage over a country such as France. If you make our workforce less flexible, it has a cost to it, and it makes us less attractive for investment. Inflation is now predicted to go up to 2.5% or 2.6%.

To conclude, since 2008, over those 16 years of financial crisis, austerity, the Covid pandemic, the Ukraine war, with inflation up to 11%, energy inflation, the cost of living crisis, 7 October and the tragedy of that day and the tragedy since, and with the uncertainty in every direction you look in the world, how much more can business put up with? How much can business deal with? How resilient can our businesses be? As the noble Lord, Lord Leigh, said, 80% of the jobs are provided by it, and then there are the 5 million SMEs and the jobs that they provide. How can we carry on and deal with just one challenge after another? Then we get this Halloween Budget, burdening business with higher taxes. This is a tax, borrow and spend Budget, not a growth Budget. It is not a pro-business Budget or a pro-entrepreneurship Budget. The Government’s job is to be a catalyst and create the environment for businesses and entrepreneurship to flourish and grow. The Budget does exactly the opposite.

Budget Responsibility Bill

Lord Bilimoria Excerpts

2nd reading & Committee negatived & 3rd reading
Monday 9th September 2024 Lords Chamber

[Lord Bilimoria (CB)]

My Lords, Rachel Reeves said:

“This Government’s defining mission is to deliver economic growth. However, growth can only come through economic stability and a commitment to sound public money so never again can a government play fast and loose with the public finances. This new law is part of our plan to fix the foundation of our economy so we can rebuild Britain”.


The decision by Labour gives the OBR the most power it has ever had since the Chancellor at the time, George Osborne, set it up in 2010. Of course, we know that forecasts can be wrong. The noble Lord, Lord Macpherson, said that they are invariably wrong, but he made an interesting point: what about opposition forecasts? Will the Minister respond to that?

The noble Lord, Lord Macpherson, also said very clearly that forecasts are based on assumptions. I know that. We in business continually make assumptions on all our forecasts and they are not always correct. Laith Khalaf, head of investment analysis at AJ Bell, said:

“Ironically Liz Truss and Kwasi Kwarteng did more to burnish the credentials of the OBR than any politicians since its inception. As things stand, the OBR is now more commanding than ever”.


The Bill will mean that the OBR, which monitors and checks the UK Government’s financial plans, has the power to make an assessment on announcements over the course of a financial year that make permanent tax or spending commitments worth more than 1% of the UK economy. That 1% is just over £2 trillion—just over £20 billion. My noble friend Lady Wheatcroft spoke about the black hole of £22 billion. This number keeps getting bandied around: it is not even 1% of GDP, yet it is made out to be the only reason why taxes need to be put up. If taxes are put up in the Budget coming forward—taxes such as CGT equated to income tax—it will be so damaging to the country and its economy and to investment.

The OBR provides independent analysis. It is meant to be absolutely independent. The Chancellor must request the OBR to produce forecasts at least twice a year. The initial Cabinet Office briefing note stated that the Bill’s purpose was

“to capture and prevent those announcements that could resemble the disastrous Liz Truss ‘mini-budget’”.

The briefing was republished with the reference to Ms Truss removed. Will the Minister confirm that? The absence of public OBR analysis is considered to be a factor in the negative reaction of the financial markets that followed. After Kwasi Kwarteng’s Statement, as we know, market volatility led to increased government borrowing costs and the devaluation of the pound against other international currencies. My friend Sir Anthony Seldon has just released his new book, Truss at 10: How not to be Prime Minister.

The fiscal mandate is a Government’s guiding fiscal objective, so tax and spending policy decisions should be made with this in mind. It is to ensure that public sector net borrowing does not exceed 3% of GDP by the fifth year of the rolling forecast period. The noble Lord, Lord Eatwell, made a very good point that I ask the Minister to respond to: what is the effect of this on automatic stabilisers? According to the Treasury, the effect of Kwasi Kwarteng’s and Liz Truss’s mini-Budget, which would have reduced income tax by around £45 billion, would have been to reach a trend rate of growth of 2.5%—that was a noble objective. It was reported that the OBR had provided the Chancellor with a draft forecast, but this was not made public. Opposition parties and the Conservative chair of the House of Commons Treasury Committee urged the Chancellor to publish the forecast, and the lack of that OBR analysis has been cited as the major factor that contributed to the negative reaction to the mini-Budget in the financial markets.

We can go into the analysis—by the BBC, for example—of key aspects and consequences of the mini-Budget: unfunded tax cuts, a funding shortfall, market reaction, an impact on interest rates and pension funds, Bank of England intervention, loss of market confidence, political and economic repercussions, reform and an emphasis on credibility. The noble Baroness, Lady Noakes, made a very important point: why is this a money Bill? This means we have a limited influence on the Bill; I do not think that this should have been a money Bill.

To conclude, the Bill has received support from many quarters, including from the CBI, of which I was president for two years, from June 2020 to June 2022. Louise Hellem, chief economist at the CBI, said:

“Market stability is a key foundation to enabling economic growth and business investment. Ensuring large changes in tax and spending policy are always subject to an independent assessment by the Office for Budget Responsibility will give businesses and investors additional confidence in the stability of the public finances”.