Found: and defective drafting18 SI title Department/ Quango Reason for reporting S I 2025/515: THE DOMESTIC ABUSE ACT

Found: Domestic Abuse Act 2021 Committee Uncorrected oral evidence: Domestic Abuse Act post-legislative scrutiny

Found: Domestic Abuse Act 2021 Committee Uncorrected oral evidence: Domestic Abuse Act post-legislative scrutiny

Found: https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/domestic-abuse-act-statutory-guidance/domestic-abuse-draft

Found: Domestic Abuse Act 2021 Committee Uncorrected oral evidence: Domestic Abuse Act post-legislative scrutiny

Found: Economic abuse is a form of domestic abuse as defined in the Domestic Abuse Act 2021, and the controlling

Found: Domestic Abuse Act 2021 (the sponsoring Minister was the Home Secretary) 2.

Found: DAA0003 - Domestic Abuse Act 2021 Imkaan Written Evidence

Found: Domestic Abuse Act 2021 Committee Uncorrected oral evidence: Domestic Abuse Act post-legislative scrutiny

Found: Domestic Abuse Act 2021 Committee Corrected oral evidence: Domestic Abuse Act post- legislative scrutiny

Found: Domestic Abuse Act 2021 Committee Uncorrected oral evidence: Domestic Abuse Act post-legislative scrutiny

Found: Domestic Abuse Act 2021 Committee Corrected oral evidence: Domestic Abuse Act post- legislative scrutiny

Found: The Domestic Abuse Act 2021 legislated for automatic eligibility for victim-survivors of domestic abuse

Found: Although the Child Support Collection (Domestic Abuse) Act received Royal Assent in 2023 and would allow

Found: Question 2: What impact will the Government’s refusal to implement the Child Support Collection (Domestic Abuse) Act

Found: Domestic Abuse Act 2021 Committee Uncorrected oral evidence: Domestic Abuse Act post-legislative scrutiny

Found: Domestic Abuse Act 2021 Committee Corrected oral evidence: Domestic Abuse Act post- legislative scrutiny

Found: Domestic Abuse Act 2021 Committee Corrected oral evidence: Domestic Abuse Act post- legislative scrutiny

Found: Domestic Abuse Act 2021 Committee Uncorrected oral evidence: Domestic Abuse Act post-legislative scrutiny

Found: Domestic Abuse Act 2021 Committee Corrected oral evidence: Domestic Abuse Act post- legislative scrutiny

Found: Domestic Abuse Protection Order where the subject has ‘been abusive’ within the meaning of s1 Domestic Abuse Act

Found: While the definition of domestic abuse comes from the Domestic Abuse Act and so includes sexual

Found: suggestion beyond intimate partners to domestic abuse within the meaning of sections 1 and 2 of the Domestic Abuse Act

Found: experiences and cases before the Harm Panel Report in 2020 and therefore also predating the Domestic Abuse Act

Found: The Domestic Abuse Act 2021 further supports risk identification in family proceedings. 3.3 International

Found: assessing-risk-harm-children-parents-pl-childrens-cases-report_.pdf (Accessed: 09 March 2026) Domestic Abuse Act

Found: Domestic Abuse Act 2021, c. 17. (2021).

Found: Domestic Abuse Act 2021 Committee Uncorrected oral evidence: Domestic Abuse Act post-legislative scrutiny

Found: Domestic Abuse Act 2021 Committee Corrected oral evidence: Domestic Abuse Act post- legislative scrutiny

Found: Domestic Abuse Act 2021 Committee Uncorrected oral evidence: Domestic Abuse Act post-legislative scrutiny

Found: Domestic Abuse Act 2021 Committee Corrected oral evidence: Domestic Abuse Act post- legislative scrutiny

Found: Domestic Abuse Act 2021: provided additional protection to women experiencing homelessness, suitability

Found: It will mirror the Domestic Abuse Act 2021 and the Stalking Protection Act 2019.

Found: SELECT COMMITTEE ON THE DOMESTIC ABUSE ACT 2021    DECLARATION OF INTERESTS as of 6 March 2026   

Found: Domestic Abuse Act 2021 Committee Uncorrected oral evidence: Domestic Abuse Act post-legislative scrutiny

Found: Domestic Abuse Act 2021 Committee Corrected oral evidence: Domestic Abuse Act post- legislative scrutiny

Found: providers to ensure there is a shared understanding of the definition of domestic abuse in the Domestic Abuse Act

Found: information relevant to victim-survivors of domestic abuse and gender-based violence such as the Domestic Abuse Act

Found: Domestic Abuse, as set out in the 2021 Domestic Abuse Act is not addressed at all (outside of a nominal

Found: Operationalise the Child Support Collection (Domestic Abuse) Act 2023 end‑to‑end: algorithm‑assisted

Found: on our area of expertise: economic abuse as a form of domestic abuse as defined within the Domestic Abuse Act

Found: a creditor can enforce a debt that has arisen as a result of a criminal offence under the Domestic Abuse Act

Found: While there is general agreement that the Domestic Abuse Act 2021 has provided a better framework for

Found: criminal offence in its own right but it is listed as a form of abuse in subsection 3 of the Domestic Abuse Act

Found: Ministry of Justice has produced some landmark enactments over the past decade, such as the Domestic Abuse Act

Found: Reforming the Child Maintenance Report’ Recommendations, 9 January 2026 2 Support Collection (Domestic Abuse) Act

Found: received a representation, that the Lord Bishop of Derby should be proposed as a member of the Domestic Abuse Act

Found: The Immigration (Electronic Travel Authorisations) (Jersey) Order 2025 S.I. 2025/1222 The Domestic Abuse Act

Found: The measure seeks to align the SJS with section 77 of the Domestic Abuse Act 2021, and Clauses 83 and

Found: proposing to the CMS will be much more effective in this regard than the Child Support Collection (Domestic Abuse) Act

No description available

Question to the Ministry of Justice:

To ask the Secretary of State for Justice, pursuant to Answer of 5 January 2026 to Question 101253, in which categories of private‑law children cases Cafcass or the family courts apply a domestic‑abuse‑first assessment as the initial step in their safeguarding or case‑analysis process; and what other circumstances automatically trigger domestic‑abuse screening as the primary explanatory framework.

Answered by Alex Davies-Jones - Parliamentary Under-Secretary (Ministry of Justice)

Practice Direction 12J (PD12J) sets out what the court should do in any case in which domestic abuse is alleged or admitted or there is other reason to believe that a child or party has experienced abuse perpetrated by another party or that there is a risk of such abuse.

Cafcass’ Domestic Abuse Practice Policy sets out the actions that Cafcass practitioners and managers must undertake when working with children and adults who have or may have experienced domestic abuse and for whom, therefore, the requirements and definitions of the Domestic Abuse Act 2021 and its accompanying statutory guidance apply. It is informed by Practice Direction 12J and by our understanding of the impact of domestic abuse and harmful parenting on a child and the child’s primary and protective carers. The protection of children from harm or further harm is the central and fundamental purpose of this policy.

Cafcass’ Domestic Abuse Practice Pathway and Guidance supports practitioners in applying a structured, sensitive approach to assessing domestic abuse in Family Court proceedings. It reflects the statutory responsibilities outlined in the Domestic Abuse Act 2021 and is aligned with the Cafcass Domestic Abuse Practice Policy (2025) and Practice Quality Standards.

Question to the Ministry of Justice:

To ask the Secretary of State for Justice, whether his Department will publish the full list of case types, behavioural indicators, or presenting circumstances in which Cafcass or the family courts are instructed to prioritise domestic‑abuse considerations as the initial step in their assessment; and to specify the statutory or policy basis for each such trigger.

Answered by Alex Davies-Jones - Parliamentary Under-Secretary (Ministry of Justice)

Practice Direction 12J (PD12J) sets out what the court should do in any case in which domestic abuse is alleged or admitted or there is other reason to believe that a child or party has experienced abuse perpetrated by another party or that there is a risk of such abuse.

Cafcass’ Domestic Abuse Practice Policy sets out the actions that Cafcass practitioners and managers must undertake when working with children and adults who have or may have experienced domestic abuse and for whom, therefore, the requirements and definitions of the Domestic Abuse Act 2021 and its accompanying statutory guidance apply. It is informed by Practice Direction 12J and by our understanding of the impact of domestic abuse and harmful parenting on a child and the child’s primary and protective carers. The protection of children from harm or further harm is the central and fundamental purpose of this policy.

Cafcass’ Domestic Abuse Practice Pathway and Guidance supports practitioners in applying a structured, sensitive approach to assessing domestic abuse in Family Court proceedings. It reflects the statutory responsibilities outlined in the Domestic Abuse Act 2021 and is aligned with the Cafcass Domestic Abuse Practice Policy (2025) and Practice Quality Standards.

Question to the Ministry of Justice:

To ask the Secretary of State for Justice, what assessment he has made of the adequacy of victim support services for women in Great Yarmouth, including access to crisis accommodation, counselling, and legal advice, and whether any additional funding has been provided.

Answered by Alex Davies-Jones - Parliamentary Under-Secretary (Ministry of Justice)

The Ministry of Justice is investing £550 million in victim support services over the next three years – the biggest investment in victim support services to date. We will be increasing funding for victim support services year on year, from 2026 to 2029, recognising the need to meet the rising cost pressures of delivery.

In addition, £6 million will be invested over the next two years to deliver free, independent legal advice for victims and survivors of adult rape across England and Wales, to help them understand their legal rights.

The Ministry of Justice provides all Police and Crime Commissioners (PCCs) in England and Wales with core grant funding to commission support services, such as counselling, for victims of all crime types. In addition, they receive ring-fenced funding for domestic and sexual abuse services. PCCs are best placed to understand their local communities, and to commission appropriate support to meet the needs of victims in their area.

The Department’s Rape and Sexual Abuse Support Fund (RASASF) provide grants to over 60 specialist organisations. Funded activities provide holistic, trauma-informed support to victims within the Norfolk area.

Under Part 4 of the Domestic Abuse Act 2021, Tier 1 local authorities in England are required to assess local need for, and commission, support for victims of domestic abuse and their children within relevant safe accommodation, for example, refuges. To support delivery of the duty, the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government has provided £499 million to local authorities over the next three years.

Question to the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government:

To ask the Secretary of State for Housing, Communities and Local Government, what steps he is taking to ensure local authorities are applying statutory guidance on housing support for survivors of domestic abuse.

Answered by Alison McGovern - Minister of State (Housing, Communities and Local Government)

Under Part 4 of the Domestic Abuse Act 2021, Tier 1 local authorities in England are required to assess local need for, and commission, support for victims of domestic abuse and their children within safe accommodation. To support delivery of the duty, the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government (MHCLG) has provided £499m to local authorities over the next three years.

Statutory guidance sets out how local authorities should carry out their functions and which they are expected to consider when making commissioning decisions: Delivery of support to victims of domestic abuse in domestic abuse safe accommodation services - GOV.UK

MHCLG monitors delivery through mandatory annual data returns and publishes this data. The most recent data is available here: Support in domestic abuse safe accommodation: 2024 to 2025 - GOV.UK.

The Department continues to work closely with local authorities, the Domestic Abuse Commissioner and sector partners to support delivery and promote best practice.

Question to the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government:

To ask the Secretary of State for Housing, Communities and Local Government, whether he has made an assessment of the sufficiency of the level of refuge accommodation provision for victims of domestic abuse.

Answered by Alison McGovern - Minister of State (Housing, Communities and Local Government)

The Government is committed to ensuring victims of domestic abuse and their children can access the support in safe accommodation they need to rebuild their lives. This is part of the Government’s strategy to tackle Violence Against Women and Girls, with improved support for victims.

Under Part 4 of the Domestic Abuse Act 2021, local authorities must assess the need for and provide support to victims and their children in safe accommodation. It is for each local authority to determine the right mix of safe accommodation, including refuges, dispersed accommodation, and sanctuary schemes (in which a victim’s own home is made safe) to meet local needs. To support delivery, MHCLG provided authorities in England with £160 million in 2025/26, a £30 million uplift from the previous year. In the recent Local Government Finance Settlement, MHCLG committed to increase investment by a further £19 million to £499 million over the next three years.

The department collects data on the number of refuge bedspaces and the number of individuals supported in safe accommodation. This data is published annually, the most recent data is available here: Support in domestic abuse safe accommodation: 2024 to 2025 - GOV.UK.

Question to the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government:

To ask the Secretary of State for Housing, Communities and Local Government, what assessment he has made of the adequacy of funding for refuge accommodation under the Safe Accommodation Duty.

Answered by Alison McGovern - Minister of State (Housing, Communities and Local Government)

The Government is committed to ensuring victims of domestic abuse and their children can access the support in safe accommodation they need to rebuild their lives. This is part of the Government’s strategy to tackle Violence Against Women and Girls, with improved support for victims.

Under Part 4 of the Domestic Abuse Act 2021, local authorities must assess the need for and provide support to victims and their children in safe accommodation. It is for each local authority to determine the right mix of safe accommodation, including refuges, dispersed accommodation, and sanctuary schemes (in which a victim’s own home is made safe) to meet local needs. To support delivery, MHCLG provided authorities in England with £160 million in 2025/26, a £30 million uplift from the previous year. In the recent Local Government Finance Settlement, MHCLG committed to increase investment by a further £19 million to £499 million over the next three years.

The department collects data on the number of refuge bedspaces and the number of individuals supported in safe accommodation. This data is published annually, the most recent data is available here: Support in domestic abuse safe accommodation: 2024 to 2025 - GOV.UK.

Question to the Ministry of Justice:

To ask the Secretary of State for Justice, in how many instances of an individual being charged relating to domestic abuse was there also charges laid for animal abuse in each of the last five years.

Answered by Alex Davies-Jones - Parliamentary Under-Secretary (Ministry of Justice)

The Ministry of Justice publishes data on prosecutions by offence through the Outcomes by Offences data tool on GOV.UK. It is not currently possible to separately identify prosecutions for domestic abuse, as such cases are prosecuted under a range of different criminal offences. However, the Government recognises the importance of consistently identifying domestic abuse offenders at every stage of the system. That is why we are moving at pace to implement a domestic abuse identifier at sentencing in criminal cases, delivering on a recommendation made in the Independent Sentencing Review.

Statutory guidance on the definition of domestic abuse under Domestic Abuse Act 2021 is clear that domestic abuse can include harming or threatening to harm animals, for example as a form coercive and controlling behaviour. In our Violence Against Women and Girls Strategy, published last December, we committed to ensuring all victims and survivors are protected, including those with pets, including to:

• Work with the veterinary profession to support initiatives designed to help vets and practice staff recognise potential signs of domestic abuse through non-accidental injuries
• Strengthen the pet microchipping regime to prevent the records of domestic abuse victims and survivors being accessed inappropriately
• Work with charities to increase the awareness of services available for the pets of domestic abuse victims and survivors to support more victims to escape abuse

As part of this work, Defra has also commissioned research, led by the University of Bristol, into the relationship between animal abuse and domestic abuse, and will consider the findings once the research concludes.

Question to the Ministry of Justice:

To ask the Secretary of State for Justice, whether he has received advice on the potential link between domestic abuse and animal abuse.

Answered by Alex Davies-Jones - Parliamentary Under-Secretary (Ministry of Justice)

The Ministry of Justice publishes data on prosecutions by offence through the Outcomes by Offences data tool on GOV.UK. It is not currently possible to separately identify prosecutions for domestic abuse, as such cases are prosecuted under a range of different criminal offences. However, the Government recognises the importance of consistently identifying domestic abuse offenders at every stage of the system. That is why we are moving at pace to implement a domestic abuse identifier at sentencing in criminal cases, delivering on a recommendation made in the Independent Sentencing Review.

Statutory guidance on the definition of domestic abuse under Domestic Abuse Act 2021 is clear that domestic abuse can include harming or threatening to harm animals, for example as a form coercive and controlling behaviour. In our Violence Against Women and Girls Strategy, published last December, we committed to ensuring all victims and survivors are protected, including those with pets, including to:

• Work with the veterinary profession to support initiatives designed to help vets and practice staff recognise potential signs of domestic abuse through non-accidental injuries
• Strengthen the pet microchipping regime to prevent the records of domestic abuse victims and survivors being accessed inappropriately
• Work with charities to increase the awareness of services available for the pets of domestic abuse victims and survivors to support more victims to escape abuse

As part of this work, Defra has also commissioned research, led by the University of Bristol, into the relationship between animal abuse and domestic abuse, and will consider the findings once the research concludes.

Question to the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government:

To ask the Secretary of State for Housing, Communities and Local Government, whether he has made an assessment of the potential merits of introducing mandatory, specialist domestic abuse training for all housing officers in England.

Answered by Alison McGovern - Minister of State (Housing, Communities and Local Government)

The Government has not undertaken an assessment of mandating specialist domestic abuse training for all housing officers in England.

Local authorities, under their statutory duties in Part 4 of the Domestic Abuse Act 2021, are required to assess the need for and provide support for all victims of domestic abuse and their children while in safe accommodation. To support delivery of this duty, the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government provided local authorities in England £160 million in 2025/26, a £30 million uplift from the previous year, and £499 million funding will be allocated to local authorities over the next three years.

Statutory guidance to local authorities is available (Delivery of support to victims of domestic abuse in domestic abuse safe accommodation services - GOV.UK) providing further details on how the duty should be delivered, including the expectation for local authorities to strengthen their understanding of domestic abuse locally, which may include through training.

Question to the Home Office:

To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, whether she has made an assessment of the potential merits of reviewing the definition of coercive and controlling behaviour within the Serious Crime Act 2015 to include extremist groups, cults and gangs.

Answered by Sarah Jones - Minister of State (Home Office)

Controlling or coercive behaviour (CCB) is an insidious form of domestic abuse. The CCB legislative framework was introduced in 2015 and was explicitly designed to address patterns of behaviour within relationships where the perpetrator and victim are “personally connected”, as outlined in Section 2 of the Domestic Abuse Act 2021. Expanding CCB beyond this context would risk undermining that clarity, creating uncertainty for police to identify, investigate and prosecute this offence.

We do not intend to expand the CCB offence beyond its current scope at this time.

Question to the Department of Health and Social Care:

To ask the Secretary of State for Health and Social Care, what assessment his Department has made of the adequacy of access to appropriate health and mental health support for families affected by violent behaviour from children in Surrey Heath constituency.

Answered by Zubir Ahmed - Parliamentary Under-Secretary (Department of Health and Social Care)

Whilst no such specific assessment has been made, we recognise that healthcare is often the first, and sometimes only, point of contact for victims of violence and abuse. Integrated care boards should commission services in response to locally identified need, which could include access to trauma-informed care for families affected by violence.

We have already taken significant steps to stabilise and improve access to National Health Service mental health services, but there is much more to do. The 10-Year Health Plan sets out ambitious plans to boost mental health support across the country. As part of this we will accelerate the rollout of Mental Health Support Teams to reach full national coverage by 2029 and will expand NHS Talking Therapies so that 915,000 people complete a course of treatment by March 2029, with improved effectiveness and quality of services.

All NHS staff must complete safeguarding training which includes a focus on violence and abuse. The training is being strengthened for launch in late 2026. This will reinforce to staff their safeguarding responsibilities and support them in identifying and responding to victims and perpetrators of violence and abuse.

In addition, the Domestic Abuse Act 2021 Statutory Guidance provides information for frontline professionals on the presentation of violent behaviour by a child towards parents and caregivers. In addition, Working Together to Safeguard Children 2023 provides guidance on the multi-agency response to support and safeguard children, including those who are violent.

Question to the Home Office:

To ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, what guidance is in place to ensure that reports of violence by children towards parents or carers lead to appropriate safeguarding and support in Surrey Heath constituency.

Answered by Jess Phillips - Parliamentary Under-Secretary (Home Office)

Prevention and early intervention with children and young people are fundamental to the government’s mission to halve violence against women and girls in a decade – including improving the response to child to parent or caregiver abuse.

‘The Domestic Abuse Act 2021: statutory guidance’ provides advice for frontline professionals and families to identify child to parent and caregiver abuse. Working Together to Safeguard Children 2023’ provides guidance on the multi-agency response to support and safeguard children, including those using harm.

Since 2023 the Surrey Police and Crime Commissioner has received Home Office funding to support their Steps to Change Hub via the Domestic Abuse and Stalking Perpetrator Intervention Fund. Funding supports delivery of Young People Using Violence and Abuse, a youth‑focused programme offering one‑to‑one support for young people who use violence or abusive behaviour towards family members, carers, siblings, or intimate partners.

Found: The Domestic Abuse Act 202124.  

Found: take proper care of the defendant and exercise proper control), (xiii)section 31(3) of the Domestic Abuse Act

Found: including the age limit in the statutory definition of domestic abuse set out in section 1 of the Domestic Abuse Act

Found: distribute, and publish.62 She noted that it could be argued that it already is illegal under the Domestic Abuse Act

Found: Explanatory Notes (PDF), January 2026, para. 5 28 As set out in the Sexual Offences Act 2003, the Domestic Abuse Act

The Domestic Abuse Act 2021 only recognises abuse between people who are “personally connected,” meaning intimate partners or family members. Abuse can occur in other domestic settings, such as shared housing and victims in these situations will not receive the same protection under the law.

Found: Many victims of abuse are excluded from the protections of the Domestic Abuse Act 2021 because the law

Found: Domestic Abuse Act 2021: post-legislative scrutiny

Found: Domestic Abuse Act 2021: post-legislative scrutiny

Found: Domestic Abuse Act 2021: post-legislative scrutiny

Found: must follow the cross-government definition of domestic abuse set out in section 1 of the Domestic Abuse Act

Found: Annex E Domestic Abuse The statutory definition of domestic abuse contained within the Domestic Abuse Act

Found: ” “46B Domestic Abuse Act 2021 60.

Found: harm caused by these circumstances and to reflect legislative definitions including in the Domestic Abuse Act

Found: Criminal Justice and Courts Act 2015 • The Assaults on Emergency Workers (Offences) Act 2018 • Domestic Abuse Act

Found: and major legislative change – including reforms in the Coroners and Justice Act 2009 and the Domestic Abuse Act

Found: victim is able to communicate in other ways such as signing languages Domestic abuse The Domestic Abuse Act

Found: Annex E Domestic Abuse The statutory definition of domestic abuse contained within the Domestic Abuse Act

Found: ” “46B Domestic Abuse Act 2021 60.

Found: Criminal Legal Aid for DAPOs made under section 31(3), (5) or (6) of the Domestic Abuse Act 2021 on

Found: DAPO) – Billing Guidance DAPOs are a new type of protective injunction legislated for in the Domestic Abuse Act

Found: domestic abuse by the police, social care and health services, despite introduction of the Domestic Abuse Act

Found: government/publications/child- safeguarding-practice-review-panel-annual-report-2023-to-2024 The Domestic Abuse Act

Found: The Domestic Abuse Act 202124.  

Found: who have witnessed domestic abuse (considered victims in their own right as defined by the Domestic Abuse Act

Found: After Clause 121, insert the following new Clause— “Domestic abuse protection orders (1) The Domestic Abuse Act

Found: Guidance about honour -based abuse ” broadly reflect the approach taken in section 84 of the Domestic Abuse Act

Found: , which amends the Domestic Abuse Protection Order (“DAPO”) regime provided for in the Domestic Abuse Act

Found: Domestic abuse The Domestic Abuse Act 2021 received Royal Assent on 29 April 2021.

Found: build to rent homes; ‘Ask and Act’ powers and; on the provisions relating to Part 2 of the Domestic Abuse Act

Found: Chapter, “abuse” means— (a) domestic abuse within the meaning given by section 1 of the 5 Domestic Abuse Act

Found: Chapter, “abuse” means— (a) domestic abuse within the meaning given by section 1 of the 5 Domestic Abuse Act

Found: The definition of abuse has also been widened by the Bill, bringing it into line with the Domestic Abuse Act

Found: Chapter, “abuse” means— (a) domestic abuse within the meaning given by section 1 of the 5 Domestic Abuse Act

Found: Chapter, “abuse” means— (a) domestic abuse within the meaning given by section 1 of the 5 Domestic Abuse Act

Found: Chapter, “abuse” means— (a) domestic abuse within the meaning given by section 1 of the Domestic Abuse Act

Found: Chapter, “abuse” means— (a) domestic abuse within the meaning given by section 1 of the Domestic Abuse Act

Found: Chapter, “abuse” means— (a) domestic abuse within the meaning given by section 1 of the Domestic Abuse Act

Found: Chapter, “abuse” means— (a) domestic abuse within the meaning given by section 1 of the Domestic Abuse Act

Found: Subsequent UK legislation, including the Domestic Abuse Act 2021, further strengthens protections for