Terminally Ill Adults (End of Life) Bill

Lord Weir of Ballyholme Excerpts

Friday 5th December 2025 Lords Chamber

[Baroness Berridge (Con)]

My Lords, I will speak to Amendment 4, in the name of the noble Baroness, Lady Berger, to which I added my name.

As well as this Bill, the Private Member’s Bill in the name of the noble and learned Lord has, as a requirement, the safeguard of a six-month prognosis. When one looks at this in relation to those over 18, I am interested in what pre-legislative scrutiny or consultation the noble and learned Lord, or the other Bill’s sponsor in the other place, had on the science. I am not a scientist, but I have a researcher who is a scientist, so I took advice on how to treat the science when one speaks in a debate with those who have great eminence, such as the noble Lord, Lord Winston. Having looked at that, I believe it is relevant to the age limit in the Bill. There will be specific types of vulnerability for certain groups of young people—as the noble Baroness, Lady Fox, outlined—but those will be discussed in later groups.

According to peer-reviewed studies—which, I am told, are the best way to begin to treat the science—the brain reaches its full size physically at the age of 14, but the neural circuitry does not develop to enable enhanced decision-making and cognitive function until the age of 25. I am also informed—I am sorry to disagree with my noble friend Lord Sandhurst—that the study that was quoted by the BBC is viewed as an outlier from the peer-reviewed studies that we have in this regard.

When looking at terminally ill adolescents—I am grateful to the noble Lady, Lady Hayter, for reminding us of that—we also need to consider that there are psychological reports that they may have an unrealised concept of the finality of death, which I think is relevant to what the noble Lord, Lord Moore, said. As the Children’s Commissioner stated in her letter of evidence to the Select Committee:

“Compelling arguments have … been made about the additional difficulties present in diagnosing young people in this age group, and predicting with certainty the chance of living for six months”.


Of course, if that is wrong, it could lead to an earlier, untimely death, if assisted dying is made available to them.

I was really intrigued by that statement and sought to look at the scientific evidence. I have found peer-reviewed papers, in particular one from the University of Manchester reporting historical data that finds that, even with advanced diseases such as thyroid cancer, this group has a better rate of survival than adults over the age of 25. The report outlines that that may be because a more efficacious response to treatment, as a younger body may be better able to receive it; it may be due to an elevated sense of hope, which is often reported in young adults; or it might be because such a devastating diagnosis at that age is hard to fathom, as it is not a disease they think would ever happen to them. That sense of hope possibly contributes to a positive impact on the immune system, thus resulting in a better response to the administered medication.

The second reason I outline is that—as the noble Lady, Lady Hollins, briefly alluded to—there is a significantly increasing life expectancy in terminally ill young adults due to the incredible advances that we are beginning to see in treatments such as advanced immune therapies and personalised genotype-directed treatment. Both have seen increased survival rates of up to five years in up to 80% of patients with terminal cancers. Although we will come to the matter of young people and the EHCP in a later group, I think it is right to reiterate that we have policies that treat those between 18 and 25 differently in certain situations.

The Children’s Commissioner also brought to our attention that young people already often fall into a gap at the ages of 16 and 17. Some community palliative care services end at 16, and then others do not begin at 18. That makes me wonder whether we need to think more about their access to specialist palliative care in this Bill in later groups.

Can the noble and learned Lord outline what process there was, before both Bills were put together, to look into the scientific evidence? It seems to me that the assumption in both Bills is that a six-month prognosis affects or applies to all groups of the population in the same way. Is that indeed the case? We know from evidence from the European Society for Medical Oncology’s Professor Stone that a six-month prognosis is inaccurate in over half of cases. Is six months the right level to use—that might be a connected change—or is 18 too young an age? I would be grateful to know whether the noble and learned Lord has already engaged with this science. Perhaps with the assistance of the noble Lord, Lord Winston, this, I think, would be a valuable way of looking at the evidence behind Amendment 4.

[Lord Weir of Ballyholme (DUP)]

My Lords, this is an important group of amendments, particularly to those of us who have an interest in young people. It is very important that we have heard today a range of opinions on where age eligibility should lie. When dealing with age eligibility in this Bill, it seems that there are three critical questions. First, at the lower end of eligibility, should there be an age limit below which it is impossible to access assisted dying? Secondly, if it is agreed that there should be an age limit, is 18 the appropriate age? Thirdly, as has been posed by the two sets of amendments in this group, if we feel that 18 is too young an age, what is the appropriate age that we should set?

On the first issue, I am glad to say that at least the proponents of this Bill have not gone down the line—as has been argued, I think, by some lobbyists and has been the case, for example, in Belgium and the Netherlands—that there should be no lower age limit. I welcome the fact that this seems to be accepted by the proponents of this Bill. However, I reiterate the question that has been asked—I look forward to the noble and learned Lord, Lord Falconer, summing up in relation to this—about what assurances we could have if we ended up in the position where the eligibility is at 18. What confidence could we have that that will be stuck to?

On the second issue of whether 18 is the appropriate level, I cannot claim any particular knowledge or expertise on neuroscience, but I have a lot of experience having served twice as Education Minister in Northern Ireland. I am sure that, if you speak to anyone who has served in that sort of role in any of the jurisdictions, they will say that the greatest privilege you have in that ministerial capacity is meeting young people on a day-to-day basis and talking to them about their lived experiences. It is a great joy to meet the many very healthy, confident young people who can look forward to a lifetime ahead of them. However, it is also the case that you come across a number of young people who are very vulnerable, who have extremely life-limiting conditions and who have a terminal illness.

In my experience, the families of those young people reorientate themselves through their love, so that the focus of almost all family activity is on that young person. The by-product of that, at times, can be that some of those young people feel themselves to be a burden on their family: that they are disrupting everything that their family does and not allowing their family to lead a normal life. They sometimes feel a sense of guilt.

While I am sure that we will come on to this in later stages, I note the concern about what might be described as “self-imposed coercion”: people coming to the conclusion that they will be doing a service to their loved ones by going down the route of assisted suicide. We know that concerns have been raised in relation to the disabled and the elderly feeling under a particular level of pressure, but it would be naive to believe that young people in that position do not also feel themselves to be pressurised. I do not want us to create a situation where a young person, in the run-up to their 18th birthday, asks, “How can I facilitate my family by taking that ultimate step?” So, on the issue of maturity, I contend that 18 is perhaps not the right boundary point in this case.

Finally, there are competing amendments about whether it should be 21 or 25. While I came to this in a fairly agnostic manner, I have been persuaded much more towards the position of the noble Baroness, Lady Berger. I am also persuaded in many ways by the words of the Children’s Commissioner. I have considerable experience of dealing with both the Children’s Commissioner in England and her opposite number in Northern Ireland, and I believe that the commissioners tend to have a particular worldview: when they look towards young people, they want the world to be permissive towards them. They are progressive in their nature—and sometimes, I have to confess, they may be a little too progressive on certain subjects for my own liking. But they always look, where possible, to extend rights to children that are normally given to adults. So, when we see a situation such as this, where a Children’s Commissioner is, in effect, saying, “Be very careful in relation to the law. Do not extend this to younger people between 18 and 25”, we need to pay cognisance to that.