Pharmacies and the NHS

Debate between David Simpson and Ben Gummer

Wednesday 20th November 2013 Westminster Hall

[Ben Gummer (Ipswich) (Con)]

Dr McCrea, it is a pleasure to speak under your chairmanship in my first Adjournment debate. It is also a great pleasure to address the assembled hon. Members—this is a good turnout for a 9.30 am sitting on a Wednesday—and especially the Minister, not only because he is an excellent Health Minister, but because he is my constituency neighbour in Ipswich and will recognise the local issues that I shall mention.

This debate came out of a discussion that I first had with Miss Michelle Claridge, a pharmacist in my constituency; I admit that my knowledge of pharmacies and pharmaceutical services was close to zero before that. As with so many incidents in our lives as Members of Parliament, I learned something immediately from talking to a constituent who brought a new experience—a new query—to my attention. She explained something that I had not appreciated. Perhaps you know, Dr McCrea, because you are no doubt a far more experienced MP than I, that a pharmacy’s appearing on a street, especially a new one, is not the work of a simple entrepreneurial decision. It is a minor miracle, and I will explain why.

As the Minister knows, in the centre of Ipswich there is a new development on the waterfront, encompassing several thousand new apartments and a few houses. This new community is demanding new pharmacy services. Michelle Claridge, an entrepreneur, says, “I would like to set up a pharmacy in this area, to service the new community.” But it is not that simple. People cannot just get a retail unit for which they have planning permission and start a pharmacy; it does not work like that. The system is arranged by the Pharmaceutical Services Negotiating Committee. Hon. Members will understand that, from this moment, we will begin speaking as if we were in East Germany. It will be a time warp.

We start with the PSNC. People have to apply to be on the pharmaceutical list, which is now run by the NHS England area team—when Miss Claridge applied, it was run by the primary care trust—which manages it in consultation with the health and wellbeing board for the area and determines whether there is a need for a pharmacy in an area. It draws a circle around the existing pharmacies and says, “Is there a particular need, for this population in this area?”

When Miss Claridge started, the PSNC said that there was not a need because its map did not show the several thousand new apartments and houses on the waterfront area. Even a simple consultation with the Google maps travel distance calculator could have shown that most of its calculations about walking time were defective. The first problem is that the system starts with a group of no doubt well meaning and intelligent bureaucrats having to work out whether there is a need for a pharmacy in an area.

Once people decide that they want to set up a pharmacy, they have to apply to NHS England with 21 different forms, the shortest—section 21—being five sides long and the longest being 13 sides long. In total, they have to submit about 200 sides of application forms just to say, “I think there is a need in this area for this new pharmaceutical practice.”

After that, the application can either be accepted or rejected. If it is accepted, people can go ahead and if it is rejected they can appeal, via the local pharmaceutical committee, to which other local pharmacies can also make applications, perhaps saying, “This pharmacy is coming into my patch. It is far too close.” They can make whatever objection they feel is necessary.

The system is already completely regulated from the centre. It is a state-controlled system—contracted out to pharmacists, who are working in it—even at the geographical level, before we get on to buying and selling drugs. I do not intend to offer any radical solutions. I just want to open up the matter as a Member of Parliament. I want to explain my experiences in trying to deal with this system and talk about what I have found out, as a layman with none of the medical expertise of the Minister or hon. Members in this Chamber who are members of all-party groups. I want to explain what I saw as I examined this system.

I turned over a stone and found a lot of interesting bodies lying underneath. There are serious questions about the state’s ability to buy medicines. This is not a small bill. We spend £12 billion a year on drugs, via the NHS—a huge amount. The whole thing, from beginning to end, is run by a state bureaucracy, which, in its scale, complication and anticipation of market forces, would make the North Korean Government proud.

How do we comprehend this extraordinary system and what are the problems in it? First, I have been helped very much today by NHS Southwark clinical commissioning group—in London, I live in Southwark—which posted a useful piece of information through my door yesterday. It contains a nice map showing all the general practitioner practices and mentions lots of interesting things about what it wants to do, all of them worthy. In the middle, under a heading, “Our Vision”, it states:

“Our aim is simple—we want to work with the hospitals, community teams and GPs who provide care locally to make sure that the people of Southwark receive the best care possible and live longer, healthier, happy lives.

We will work to make sure that all Southwark residents receive high-quality, safe and accessible health services and that, over time, we narrow the gap in life expectancy between the richest and poorest people.”

All good stuff, but hon. Members will notice that one significant service provider is omitted: the pharmacist, which does not even bear a mention in this list of different health providers for NHS Southwark.

I understand that this is a common problem throughout the country. Indeed, only 10% of clinical commissioning groups have a contracting relationship for additional services with pharmacies. That is unusual in the European context. As is so often the case in health care provision, this country is somewhat behind our European neighbours.

Highly qualified people are centred where they can serve local populations, yet in so many cases they cannot offer the kind of medical services that they could offer if they were in France, Germany or the Netherlands, or some more enlightened parts of this country. Pharmacists could offer such services easily and relieve pressure on general practitioners and hospitals. The scale of what they could do is significant. Why can they not offer basic diabetic treatment or flu jabs? One could—I am sure not you, Dr McCrea—go to the pharmacist for emergency contraception, but not for various other treatments that they could offer, depending on the area.

Michelle Claridge has experienced this situation. She said, “I want to set up GP provision in this new community, linked to my pharmacy.” That is sensible, but—oh, no—people cannot just hire a locum in a pharmacy, providing a medical and pharmaceutical service to a new community, because there would be a series of new arrangements and contracts to go through with the NHS area team to allow that to be done. Therein lies another problem. The contracting relationship between the two is so complicated and separate that the area for innovation in what is not really a market at all is limited. That seems to me a great sadness and a missed opportunity, and I am sure the Minister will agree. So how do we loosen things up? I will address that in a second, because we first need to examine how pharmacists sell drugs and purchase them from the various wholesalers who sell the drugs on behalf of pharmaceutical companies.

There are essentially three categories of drugs. First, there are the so-called “special drugs”—not the special drugs that you might be aware of in Northern Ireland or in the rest of the country, Dr McCrea, but special drugs as defined by the NHS. Those drugs are outside the normal regulatory regime. They are called unregulated but, of course, this being the NHS, they are regulated.

Secondly, there are the regulated drugs—the vast majority. They are drugs that are within patent and a few other sectors. Finally, there are the category M drugs, which have come off patent. The NHS tries to derive benefits from their coming off patent by ensuring that there is not excessive profiteering in the sector. I hope I have explained that properly. No doubt I am making a series of solecisms, but I hope Members will excuse me.

[David Simpson (Upper Bann) (DUP)]

I congratulate the hon. Gentleman on obtaining this debate. He mentions special drugs, which are addressed in the research papers that we have received. I am sure he agrees that it is a scandal that the suppliers of those drugs issue invoices of, for example, £600, as it says here, when the actual cost of the drugs is £300. The NHS refunds the £600, and the pharmacy or the supplier pockets the other £300. Multiply that by the billions of pounds out there in the supply chain, and it is a scandal. Something must be done.

[Ben Gummer]

I could not agree more with the hon. Gentleman. I will address that point.

There are three separate groups that each present different and particular problems. The scandal to which the hon. Gentleman alludes, which was uncovered recently by an excellent piece of journalism in The Daily Telegraph, shows how the NHS, customers and taxpayers have been ripped off by the drug companies that are coming in and double invoicing—they are issuing credit notes to pharmacists but invoicing full amounts to the NHS. That situation is outrageous, but it is inevitable when the market is so complicated and lacking in transparency. That is the first of several problems with special drugs.

Category M drugs are incredibly complicated. In the parallel trading of pharmaceuticals across the European Union—just to take one issue—it was often beneficial to import drugs from Greece or southern Europe to the UK because of the price differences between the pound and the euro. The reverse is now true, which means that there is sometimes a shortage of supply in the United Kingdom.

The situation is addressed by a quota system imposed by the pharmaceutical companies, which inevitably causes difficulties for pharmacists because sometimes five people, rather than three, want a particular drug one week. At that point, the pharmacist rings up the wholesaler and says, “I need two more prescriptions.” The wholesaler will then say, “Actually, I don’t have them.” The pharmacist will then have to phone the supplier to ask for two prescriptions, and if the pharmacist cannot get the prescriptions from the supplier, they have to go into the secondary market to buy from another pharmacist who is keeping the prescriptions in stock. The other pharmacist, completely understandably, takes a margin on selling the drug to the pharmacist who requires the prescription.